Aims: To determine the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in relation to age and sex for primary school children, aged 6-12 years old in Thamar-Yemen. Material and methods: The study included 600 primary school children aged 6, 9 and 12 years old randomly selected (300 males, 300 females) in Thamar-Yemen, who had lived since birth in moderate natural fluoride level (1.8-2.2 ppm) by the use of Dean index to assess dental fluorosis. Results: Showed that the prevalence of dental fluorosis was 19.83 % and 5.23 % within students and teeth respectively, ranging from very mild to moderate form of dental fluorosis with no significant sex difference for individuals at p ≤0.05 as total and significant difference between males and females for teeth as total at p ≤ 0.001, the percentage of severity had been found to be increasing with age. The community fluorosis index for Thamar Province was 0.4 %, which was regarded low. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental fluorosis had been increased with increasing age with no sex difference.

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Aims: To evaluate the oral cleanliness and gingival health among intermediate school students and to find if there was any variation between age and sex groups in Thamar-Yemen. Material and Methods: A sample of 596 students aged 13-15 years old (308 males, 288 females) were examined using plaque index score by Silness and Löe (1964) and gingival index by Löe and Silness (1963). The clinical examinations were carried out in the school using plane mouth mirrors, WHO periodontal probes to detect the dental plaque and gingival health. Results: The mean plaque score for the total sample was 0.90. The plaque index was increasing with age, females reported less mean plaque scores than males with statistically significant difference between them. The mean gingival score was 0.52 for the total sample and it was increasing with age with statistical significant difference. Females also reported less gingival scores than males with statistical significant difference between them. The study revealed that 45.1 % of the total sample did not brush their teeth. Conclusion: Gingival and periodontal diseases are indirectly related to the exposure of bacterial plaque for long time which calls for integrated, coordinated planning of preventive and treatment services as an urgent priority.

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Aims: To determine the effect of risk factors such as income level, socioeconomic status, parents education, brushing behavior , dental attendance, type of treatment performed and others on dental caries severity of permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: Sample size was (531) students (260 males and 271 females) who were selected randomly from (10) primary and intermediate schools in Mosul City, their ages were ranged between (6-16) years. Risk factors considered on caries severity included parent's income level, parent's education, visiting the dentist, types of dental treatment performed and brushing behavior. Distribution of dental caries on each side of the mouth, DMFT and the percentage of caries free students were also considered. Caries severity was measured using International Caries Detection and Assessment System. Results: These factors have an effect to increase or decrease caries severity either significantly or not significantly. Conclusion: These risk factors should be kept in mind when we decide to reduce caries severity.