Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) has recently emerged as a major pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children worldwide. Currently no effective treatments are available; development of anti-CV-A10 vaccine is a most cost-effective way for CV-A10 prevention. Robust assay to measure neutralizing antibody (NtAb) titres elicited by vaccination would greatly prompt anti-CV-A10 vaccine development. Compare to the traditional neutralization assay based on inhibition of cytopathic effects (herein after referred to as cNT) which is timeconsuming and labor-intensive, in this study we developed an efficient high-throughput neutralization antibody assay based on CV-A10 pseudoviruses (herein after referred to as pNT). In the pNT, anti-CV-A10 NtAb titre was negatively corresponded with the relative luminescent unit (RLU) produced by luciferase reporter gene incorporated in pseudovirus genome. As described in this study, the NtAb against CV-A10 could be detected within 10-16 h, anti-CV-A10 NtAb in 67 human serum samples were measured in parallel with pNT and cNT assays, a good correlation (r = 0.83,p < .0001) and good agreement(97%) were shown between cNT and pNT, indicating that the pNT provides a rapid and convenient procedure for measuring NtAb production against anti-CV-A10 NtAb measurement.
Resource misallocation (RM) refers to the existence of marginal output inequalities between different industries or companies in an economy. Prior studies of RM have mostly focused on effect analysis, construction industry structure upgrades, and organization management. However, these studies have been fragmented and unrelated. This paper analyzes the status quo, consequences, and emerging trends of RM research at the macroscopic level based on current problems and with the aim of exploring potential solutions. Drawing on grounded theory, a qualitative analysis using text-mining is used to analyze the characteristics of 124 RM-related papers. The results more comprehensively and systematically reveal that current RM research encompasses four major dimensions of sources and concepts, misallocation degree measurement and characterization, focused issues (field), and RM research deficiencies. Methods for measuring RM have also been developed from the simple proportional method to current mainstream methods (e.g., growth rate decomposition and variant substitution). We conclude that, in order for this discipline to thrive and effectively reduce RM, future research into RM should focus on core categories, especially the reform of market-oriented factors, transformation of government functions, construction industrial structure adjustment, and methods of income distribution. This systematic review provides a discipline oversight and uncovers necessary and potential research directions.
Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) is one of pathogens causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and becomes a new challenge to HFMD control. In this study, we first built a single-round pseudovirus infection system for CV-A6, and then developed a pseudovirus luciferase assay (PVLA) for anti-CV-A6 neutralizing antibody (NtAb) quantification. Since cytopahtic effect (CPE) is considered as the gold standard test for anti-enterovirus NtAb detection, a comparison study has been performed using 318 clinical serum samples, as measured both by PVLA and CPE. The sensitivity and specificity of PVLA was 94.9% (95% CI between 90.8-97.5%) and 92.7% (95% CI between 86.6-96.6%), respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that PVLA and CPE were highly correlated (spearman r = 0.931, P < 0.0001) and in good agreement (94.0%, 95% CI between 90.8-96.4%), showing that PVLA could be used as a surrogate assay for anti-CV-A6 NtAb detection and served as a valuable tool for CV-A6 vaccine evaluation and CV-A6 epidemiological surveillance.
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