Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a major disease in the broiler breeding industry. During PH, the pulmonary artery undergoes remodelling, which is caused by pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. CyclinD1 regulates cell proliferation. This study investigated the role of cyclinD1 in the development of PH in broilers, and which bioactivators and signalling pathway are involved in the pathological process. The PH group contained 3-4-week-old broilers with clinical PH, and the healthy group broilers from the same flock without PH. Histopathology indicated pulmonary arterial walls were thicker in the PH group compared with the healthy group. Target gene expressions of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and cyclinD1 detected by quantitative real-time PCR were upregulated in the PH group compared with the healthy group. Immunohistochemistry showed MIF, phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) and cyclinD1 were present on pulmonary vascular walls; MIF was present in the cytoplasm of arterial endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells; p-ERK and cyclinD1 were present in smooth muscle cell cytoplasm. Western blotting demonstrated that MIF, p-ERKand cyclinD1 levels were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the PH group compared with the healthy group. In summary, increased MIF in PH broiler pulmonary arteries upregulated cyclinD1 via the ERK signalling pathway to induce pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, causing pulmonary artery remodelling and hypertension.
Specular and strong reflections are the main problems encountered during part image defect inspection of shiny or highly reflective surfaces. In this letter, we propose an improved illumination method for defect inspection. A diffuse light source is designed based on the physics analysis of light reflection. The distribution of intensity is simulated according to a known model to verify the illumination uniformity of the source. Experiments show that defect expressivity when using the proposed illumination method has a better performance. The optical model is not only suitable for the defect detection of metal balls but also for the defect detection of planes and cylinders.
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