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The mineral-microbe interactions play important roles in environmental change, biogeochemical cycling of elements, and formation of ore deposits. Minerals provide both beneficial (physical and chemical protection, nutrients, and energy) and detrimental (toxic substances and oxidative pressure) effects to microbes, resulting in mineral-specific microbial colonization. Microbes impact dissolution, transformation, and precipitation of minerals through their activity, resulting in either genetically-controlled or metabolism-induced biomineralization. Through these interactions minerals and microbes coevolve through Earth history. The mineral-microbe interactions typically occur at microscopic scale but the effect is often manifested at global scale. Despite advances achieved through decades of research, major questions remain. Four areas are identified for future research: integrating mineral and microbial ecology, establishing mineral biosignatures, linking laboratory mechanistic investigation to field observation, and manipulating mineral-microbe interactions for the benefit of humankind.

Silicon has an extremely high theoretical capacity, a low voltage platform, and abundant natural reserves. It is considered to be one of the most promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. However, there are still many problems with silicon as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. During the lithiation/delithiation of silicon, a huge volume expansion occurs, causing the silicon particles to pulverize and the capacity to drop sharply. Furthermore, the continuous increase in the silicon surface solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films and the poor conductivity of silicon affect the specific capacity of the battery. Means to improve silicon-based anodes with regard to electrode cycling performance and electrode capacity include structural design, composite preparation, or improvements in electrolytes and binders (for example, designing silicon nanomaterials of different dimensions from 0D to 3D, including silicon nanoparticles, nanowires, nanorods, thin films, porous silicon, and core-shell structures). Silicon has been combined with different materials to buffer its own volume expansion, resulting in excellent performance. In addition, the design of a reasonable electrolyte solution, as well as the development of a selfhealing binder is one of the main methods to improve Sibased anodes. In recent years, sodium/potassium ion batteries have been increasingly studied, and silicon and sodium/potassium can be alloyed. The corresponding theoretical capacity can reach 954 mAh g À 1 and 955 mAh g À 1 , respectively. Advances in silicon-based anodes for sodium/ potassium ion storage are summarized herein.ductility. [25] It can increase the conductivity of silicon and adapt to the large volume expansion of silicon. In addition, some are compounded with silicon or metal or metal oxides. Such as copper, silver, tin oxide and titanium oxide. [39][40][41][42][43][44] In addition to changing the silicon's own morphological structure and preparing composite materials, the design and selection of electrolytes and binders is to improve the performance of silicon-based electrodes from the outside. By selecting the appropriate electrolytes, the electrode materials can be effectively reduced deterioration. At present, various additive-modified organic solvent electrolytes, ionic liquid electrolytes, and all-solid electrolytes are widely used in silicon-based anodes. [45][46][47][48] In addition, it is widely applicable to the binder polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) of lithium ion battery electrode materials, but

Ecological and evolutionary processes simultaneously regulate microbial diversity, but the evolutionary processes and their driving forces remain largely unexplored. Here we investigated the ecological and evolutionary characteristics of microbiota in hot springs spanning a broad temperature range (54.8–80 °C) by sequencing the 16S rRNA genes. Our results demonstrated that niche specialists and niche generalists are embedded in a complex interaction of ecological and evolutionary dynamics. On the thermal tolerance niche axis, thermal (T) sensitive (at a specific temperature) versus T-resistant (at least in five temperatures) species were characterized by different niche breadth, community abundance and dispersal potential, consequently differing in potential evolutionary trajectory. The niche-specialized T-sensitive species experienced strong temperature barriers, leading to completely species shift and high fitness but low abundant communities at each temperature (“home niche”), and such trade-offs thus reinforced peak performance, as evidenced by high speciation across temperatures and increasing diversification potential with temperature. In contrast, T-resistant species are advantageous of niche expansion but with poor local performance, as shown by wide niche breadth with high extinction, indicating these niche generalists are “jack-of-all-trades, master-of-none”. Despite of such differences, the T-sensitive and T-resistant species are evolutionarily interacted. Specifically, the continuous transition from T-sensitive to T-resistant species insured the exclusion probability of T-resistant species at a relatively constant level across temperatures. The co-evolution and co-adaptation of T-sensitive and T-resistant species were in line with the red queen theory. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that high speciation of niche specialists could alleviate the environmental-filtering-induced negative effect on diversity.