Wacker oxidation chemistry is widely applied to oxidation of olefins to carbonyls in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, natural products, and commodity chemicals. However, in this chemistry efficient oxidation of internal olefins and highly selective oxidation of unbiased internal olefins without reliance upon suitable coordinating groups have remained significant challenges. Here we report a nickel-catalyzed remote Wacker-type oxidation where reactions occur at remote and less-reactive sp 3 C-H sites in the presence of a priori more reactive ones through a chain-walking mechanism with excellent regio-and chemo-selectivity. This transformation has attractive features including the use of ambient air as the sole oxidant, naturally-abundant nickel as the catalyst, and polymethylhydrosiloxane as the hydride source at room temperature, allowing for effective oxidation of challenging olefins. Notably, this approach enables direct access to a broad array of complex, medicinally relevant molecules from structurally complex substrates and chemical feedstocks.

The iron-catalyzed C−C single bond cleavage and oxidation of allylarenes without the assistance of heteroatoms/directing groups to produce aryl aldehydes is disclosed.

The wide use of lipid as a non‐protein energy substitute has led to lipid metabolic problems in cultured tilapia. Therefore, studies that reduce the effects of high‐fat diets in genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) are required. This study evaluated the optimum level and effects of dietary α‐lipoic acid (α‐LA) on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism of GIFT tilapia. The basal diet (120 g/kg lipid) was supplemented with six concentrations of α‐LA at 0 (control), L300, L600, L900, L1200 and L2400 mg/kg diet to make the experimental diets, which were fed to GIFT tilapia juveniles (initial body weight: 0.48 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. The weight gain of fish improved significantly in the L300 than other dietary treatments. The intraperitoneal fat index and lipid content of fish fed on the L2400 diet decreased significantly than those fed on the control diet. The activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) in serum and liver were significantly higher in fish fed on the L300 diet than the control. The reduced GSH content of fish fed on the L300 in serum and liver was significantly higher than those fed on control diet. The malondialdehyde content in serum and liver was significantly lower in L300 than in the control. The adipose triglyceride lipase gene was significantly up‐regulated in fish fed on the L2400, but the diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 gene was down‐regulated in adipose. The liver‐type fatty acid‐binding protein gene in the liver was significantly up‐regulated in fish fed on the L300 and L600 diets. Moreover, the acyl‐coenzyme A oxidase gene in liver was significantly up‐regulated in fish fed on the L300, L600, L900 and L1200 diets. Polynomial regression analysis indicated that 439–528 mg/kg α‐LA is an appropriate dosage in high‐fat diet to improve growth performance and relieve lipid oxidative damage by accelerating lipid catabolism and reducing lipid synthesis in GIFT tilapia.