The
integration of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-involved molecular
dynamic therapy (MDT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) holds great promise
for enhanced anticancer effects. Herein, we report a biodegradable
tumor microenvironment-responsive nanoplatform composed of sinoporphyrin
sodium (SPS) photosensitizer-loaded zinc peroxide nanoparticles (SPS@ZnO2 NPs), which can enhance the action of ROS through the production
of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and singlet oxygen
(1O2) for MDT and PDT, respectively, and the
depletion of glutathione (GSH). Under these conditions, SPS@ZnO2 NPs show excellent MDT/PDT synergistic therapeutic effects.
We demonstrate that the SPS@ZnO2 NPs quickly degrade to
H2O2 and endogenous Zn2+ in an acidic
tumor environment and produce toxic 1O2 with
630 nm laser irradiation both in vitro and in vivo. Anticancer mechanistic studies show that excessive
production of ROS damages lysosomes and mitochondria and induces cellular
apoptosis. We show that SPS@ZnO2 NPs increase the uptake
and penetration depth of photosensitizers in cells. In addition, the
fluorescence of SPS is a powerful diagnostic tool for the treatment
of tumors. The depletion of intracellular GSH through H2O2 production and the release of cathepsin B enhance the
effectiveness of PDT. This theranostic nanoplatform provides a new
avenue for tumor microenvironment-responsive and ROS-involved therapeutic
strategies with synergistic enhancement of antitumor activity.
Article History
JEL Classification J33, L85, M52. This study investigated the effects of salary structure, performance requirements, and type of business on the performance of housing agents. The participants in the study survey consisted of the employees of real estate firms in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Restricted and unrestricted regression models were used to compare the goodness-of-fit of the regression models. A total of 1500 questionnaires were distributed to the branches of the real estate firms, and 734 questionnaires were returned. 284 of the returned questionnaires were ineffective or had missing items. An effective sample of 450 questionnaires was thus collected for an effective recovery rate of 30%. The empirical results indicated that the type of business did not have a significant effect on individual performance with respect to base pay, individual bonuses, group bonuses, and performance requirements. In contrast, base pay, high individual bonuses, and group bonuses had a significant positive effect on individual performance. The empirical results in this study indicated that the effects of base pay, individual bonuses, and group bonuses on individual performance cannot be ignored when investigating the effect of the type business on individual performance.
Contribution/ Originality:The empirical results in this study indicated that the effects of base pay, individual bonuses, and group bonuses on individual performance cannot be ignored when investigating the effect of the type business on individual performance.
Near-infrared
(NIR) responsive hydrogels are of significance in
remote control microvalves. However, the development and the application
of NIR responsive hydrogels were either limited by high cost or limited
by long response time (on the order of minutes) and modest volume
change. To address this problem, in this work, a graphene oxide@polyaniline
(GO@PANI) hybrid nanocomposite with nanorod array hierarchical structure
was fabricated by dilute polymerization. The as-synthesized hierarchical
GO@PANI nanosheets exhibited high NIR photothermal conversion efficiency
(PTCE) (49%), which was approximately 188% the magnitude of that of
GO sheets. Due to its high photothermal conversion efficiency, when
GO@PANI was incorporated into temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA), a highly responsive hydrogel
with rapid and significant NIR-induced volume change (over 50%) was
obtained. When this material was applied as a remote-controllable
microvalve, it exhibited a fast NIR response (∼30 s).
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