Cattle and water buffalo belong to the same subfamily Bovinae and share chromosome banding and gene order homology. In this study, we used genome-wide Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip to analyze 91 DNA samples from three breeds of water buffalo (Nili-Ravi, Murrah and their crossbred with local GuangXi buffalos in China), to demonstrate the genetic divergence between cattle and water buffalo through a large single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) transferability study at the whole genome level, and performed association analysis of functional traits in water buffalo as well. A total of 40,766 (75.5 %) bovine SNPs were found in the water buffalo genome, but 49,936 (92.5 %) were with only one allele, and finally 935 were identified to be polymorphic and useful for association analysis in water buffalo. Therefore, the genome sequences of water buffalo and cattle shared a high level of homology but the polymorphic status of the bovine SNPs varied between these two species. The different patterns of mutations between species may associate with their phenotypic divergence due to genome evolution. Among 935 bovine SNPs, we identified a total of 9 and 7 SNPs significantly associated to fertility and milk production traits in water buffalo, respectively. However, more works in larger sample size are needed in future to verify these candidate SNPs for water buffalo.
Development of equipment is a complex process, which exposures to a great number of risks. Hence, many researchers suggest that organizations need to improve their ability to identify and to manage associated risks. To improve the risk management in complex equipment development projects, a pragmatic procedure is suggested to determine the size of a project's contingency plan budget at any specified level of certainty. Considering the interaction among risk factors, a method based on common risk factors and copula functions is used to model and quantify positive dependence between risks.
With the rapid development of computer network technology, traditional teaching has been unable to meet the needs of modern teaching, especially for multi-disciplinary, interdisciplinary some elective courses - such as library information literacy courses. We need to use the Internet to reform teaching methods. It is also a lot of schools and units are doing. In this paper, the library information literacy courses, for example, free architecture of a network of research and teaching management services platform, designed to serve teachers and students, so teaching, learning and feedback with each other, sharing feature is now fully raise public library programs, sharing of teaching resources.
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