ABSTRACT. Fungal endophytes live in the inner tissues of Clerodendrum inerme and may be significant resources for new chemicals in drug discovery. A total of 242 endophytic fungi were recovered from 602 sample segments of C. inerme; 66 were purified. The 66 fungi belonging to 16 taxa and 11 genera (Alternaria, Nigrospora, Bartalinia, Pestalotiopsis, Fusarium, Mycoleptodiscus, Trichoderma, Phomopsis, Diaporthe, Lasiodiplodia, and Curvularia) were identified by morphological characteristics and fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences. The most abundant genera were Alternaria and Lasiodiplodia. Some of the endophytes exhibited tissue specificity. The colonization frequencies of endophytes in the stems were evidently higher than those in the roots and leaves. The crude ethyl acetate extracts were tested against 6 endophytes isolated from C. inerme. Three of 10 (33.3%) endophytes, which were identified as Phomopsis sp, Curvularia sp, and Mycoleptodiscus sp, displayed distinct antifungal activity against ≥3 tested fungi. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an endophytic community associated with C. inerme in China and its antifungal activity in vitro.
33The fundamental problem in axon growth and guidance is to understand how cytoplasmic signaling 34 modulates the cytoskeleton to produce directed growth cone motility. We show here that the TSM1 35 pioneer axon of Drosophila extends by using Abl tyrosine kinase to shape the intrinsic fluctuations 36 of a mass of accumulated actin in the distal axon. The actin mass fluctuates stochastically in length, 37 but with a small, forward bias that drives the axon along its trajectory by promoting emergence of 38 protrusions in leading intervals where actin accumulates, and collapse of protrusions in lagging 39 intervals that actin has vacated. The actin mass is sculpted by Abl signaling, which 40 probabilistically modulates its key parameters -its width and internal disorder -to drive its 41 advance, while maintaining internal coherence. Comparison of TSM1 to other systems suggests 42 that the mechanism we demonstrate here is apt to be common among pioneer axons in many 43 organisms. 44 45 46
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