An ultrasonic method for the extractions of rutin and quercetin from Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb was investigated. The influence of four extraction variables on extraction yield of rutin and quercetin was discussed. The optimum extraction conditions found were: 70% aqueous ethanol; solvent: sample ratio 40:1 (v/w); extraction time 3 x 30 min. The recovery of rutin and quercetin and the reproducibility of the extraction method were determined. The optimized ultrasonic extraction conditions were applied to extract rutin and quercetin from dried stalks of E. alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. The application of sonication method was shown to be highly efficient in the extraction of rutin and quercetin from E. alatus (Thunb.) Sieb, compared with classical methods. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs provided evidence of more rapid opening of plant cells treated by UAE in contrast to maceration.
A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process for separating components in a coal tar distillate was conducted. Two empirical equations were adopted to estimate the extraction yield (indicator for dissolving capacities) and concentration of each major component in the extraction product (indicator for selectivity). Experiments arranged by uniform design have been performed to verify the formulas and obtain the model constants. The experiments were carried out under the conditions of 490−600 K and 3.5−9.0 MPa, with supercritical n-pentane being a solvent. The results have demonstrated that most of the nonpolar components can be completely extracted by supercritical n-pentane, while the components with significant polarities cannot be easily dissolved in the solvent, and thus, a high dissolving temperature (600 K) was needed. The extraction conditions for achieving relatively high selectivity were obtained. Supercritical n-pentane as an extracting agent exhibits obvious advantages for separation of polar components and nonpolar components and enriching certain nonpolar components (e.g., 3-ring aromatics), while it has weak extraction ability and low selectivity for polar components.
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