Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway regulated by the orchestrated action of the autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. ATG proteins traditionally have been studied for their roles in autophagy, but they have increasingly demonstrated functions other than cellular self-eating. 1 The non-autophagic functions of autophagy proteins include cell survival and apoptosis, modulation of cellular traffic, protein secretion, cell signalling, transcription, translation and membrane reorganization. 2 The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate negatively modulated immunostimulatory RNA (isRNA)-generated type Hebi, China
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