Lorentz force velocimetry (LFV) is a noncontact electromagnetic flow measurement technique for liquid metals that is currently used in fundamental research and metallurgy. Up to now, the application of LFV was limited to the narrow class of liquids whose electrical conductivity is of the order 106 S/m. Here, we demonstrate that LFV can be applied to liquids with conductivities up to six orders of magnitude smaller than in liquid metals. We further argue that this range can be extended to 10−3 S/m under industrial and to 10−6 S/m under laboratory conditions making LFV applicable to most liquids of practical interest.
A balance is proposed, which allows the calibration of weights in a continuous range from 1 mg to 1 kg using a fixed value of the Planck constant, h. This so-called Planck-Balance (PB) uses the physical approach of Kibble balances that allow the Planck constant to be derived from the mass. Using the PB no calibrated mass standards are required during weighing processes any longer, because all measurements are traceable via the electrical quantities to the Planck constant, and to the meter and the second. This allows a new approach of balance types after the expected redefinition of the SI-units by the end of 2018. In contrast to many scientific oriented developments, the PB is focused on robust and daily use. Therefore, two balances will be developed, PB2 and PB1, which will allow relative measurement uncertainties comparable to the accuracies of class E2 and E1 weights, respectively, as specified in OIML R 111-1. The balances will be developed in a cooperation of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and the Technische Universität Ilmenau in a project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
This paper discusses the force measurement of small forces in combination with high dead loads. The measurement force acts perpendicular to gravity, while the dead load is orientated in the direction of gravity. Furthermore, the influence of the dead load on the metrological properties is described. The application is the flow rate measurement of conducting fluids by Lorentz force (Thess et al 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 164501). The aim is to measure forces with a resolution of FM = 10−6 N. The dead load is mainly due to the mass of the magnet system. It is of the order of magnitude of FG = 10 N. The force measurement system works with the principle of electromagnetic force compensation. The applied force is compensated by a Lorentz force induced by a current in a voice coil and a magnetic field of a permanent magnet. The current is proportional to the applied force.
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