Iraq has witnessed a big challenge in the environmental issues due to the big increase in the production of various types of pollutants.We will try in this research to shed light on the pollutants produced by the increasing number of registered and used vehicles in Iraq.We have depended on extensive statistics published by the Ministry of Planning on the increasing numbers of registered and used vehicles (both gasoline and diesel types) classified according to each governorate in Iraq between 2007 and 2013. Studies of the environmental effects of such increase have been made, whereby statistics of the polluting gases (CO, CO2, NO x , and HC) and mass particulates were prepared, analysed and represented graphically in a comparable manner.The results of this research revealed the following results: An increase in the number of vehicles by 437% from 2007 to 2013. This was accompanied by an increase in the amount of daily pollutants (NOx, CO, HC and particulate mass) excluding CO 2 from 441 tons/day in 2007 to 1913 tons/day in 2013 and an increase of CO 2 from 6068 tons/day in 2007 to 27382 tons/day in 2013.
There are a number of natural springs throughout the Kurdistan region. They are located in different geographical areas and each of them may differ from another in odder and mineral contents. These springs are known by locals in Kurdistan under various names, for example, Hammam, Garaw, Ganaw or Ganau. Hammam Jalli is one of these springs which is located near the city of Koya and is attracting thousands of local people every year, mainly, those who are suffering from skin diseases such as psoriasis, urticaria, leucoderma, eczema, acne, dermatitis, etc. Both the water and the mud of Hammam Jalli have been used as treatment or as cosmetics, However, their therapeutic effects is not fully understood and, according to the authors' knowledge, there has been no scientific research work in such detail prior to this study. The microbiological testing results show that the Hammam Jalli's water is fully contaminated with harmful bacteria including E. coli, therefore, it must be treated before it can be used for human consumption. The temperature measurement results show a large temperature difference between the Hammam Jalli's water and the temperature of the surrounding air which can lead to a conclusion that Hammam Jalli can be introduced as a hot spring. This being the case, this spring can be turned into a popular tourist destination for locals and international tourism. In the current work also efforts were made to suggest a suitable process flow diagram (PFD) for the production of skin lotions/creams from Hammam Jalli's mud and water.
Koya city, like any other city in the world, faces a critical environmental problem which is global warming and the increase in the rate of production of gaseous pollutants. This research is involved with the negative effects of private Electrical Power Generators (EPGs) on the environment in Koya City. The environmental pollutants resulted from EPGs were investigated by performing an actual study on land for the number of (EPGs), types, and distribution. Koya city is divided into 18 quarters. The investigation covers a period from 2009 to 2017, included. The production of power was increased due to the increase in the number of generators and supplying hours. The power production in 2009 was 23,850 megawatt (MW) whereas it was 49,635 MW in 2017. The amount of fuel consumed in 2009–2017 was relatively increased from 30,000 to 62,500 barrel/year. The total amount of pollutants was increased by about 108% during the period 2009–2017. The results showed that the most significant increase in pollutants was carbon dioxide (CO2). The annual amount of (CO2) emitted in 2009 was 6588 tons whereas it has increased in 2017–13710 tons. The conclusion of this study was that the highest pollution occurred in the center of Koya City in Nabeel quarter, which represented 22% of the whole pollutants.
The rate of construction in the Kurdistan region (KRG) has increased through the recent decade due to a wide scope of investments in different projects and especially for residential projects, infrastructure and others. Thermostone block has a good marketing demand in KRG due to its preferable specification low unit weight and exceptional thermal insulation; it is known as light weight concrete. It is used for the inner sections and in conjunction with the various insulation materials. The manufacturing technology of thermostone is not complicated, but there are limited thermostone factories in the Kurdistan region, and mainly all the thermostone construction materials are imported from outside Iraq. So the manufacturing of thermostone locally would have a positive additional value as a result of substituting imported material, providing jobs and the availability of raw materials around Koya city. The idea of this paper is to promote local and foreign investors for the establishment of thermostone factories in Koya city to produce standard blocks and panels. It is found from the study that a 10 ton/day factory capacity is a good startup to produce thermostone. It has a positive economic effect; with a total investment cost: 4404, production cost: 1356, total revenue: 1699, annual profit : 343 and investment payback period: two years and five months.
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