Organizations of modern era are trying to obtain competitive advantage through human force. Unfortunately, workforce is getting involved into deviant practices in almost every organization and such workplace deviance can be a great threat which can harm the organizational performance. Most of such deviant practices are due to injustice events which happen in organization and ultimately reduce the job satisfaction of employees. Such issues of deviance and injustice have not been explored in Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) of Pakistan in the past which highlights a certain need to explore this area. This study has aimed to check the impact of organizational justice dimensions on workplace deviance in the mediating role of job satisfaction in NGOs of Pakistan. To do this, a sample of five NGOs was selected and 500 close ended questionnaires were personally administered to randomly selected employees. A total of 381 questionnaires complete in all the respects were included for analysis. Inferential statistical techniques were then applied to draw conclusions. The results have proved that all dimensions of organizational justice have a significant negative impact on workplace deviance and job satisfaction significantly mediate this relationship which establishes that organizational injustice lead employees to behave in deviant ways.. This research has implications for both managers and theory. Limitations and future research indications have also been given at the end of this study.
Corticosteroids are one of the important natural hormones released in the body that play a vital role in metabolism due to their intense anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and immune suppressive activity. These are most prescribed medications available in various dosage forms like topical formulations, inhalers and injectables. The current outbreak of corona virus disease COVID-19 became a global threat and primary concern worldwide. In respiratory patients, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids exacerbate the disease symptoms of COVID-19 patients, as they are often regarded as immunosuppressive drugs. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are considered as first line treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COVID-19 disease led the upper respiratory tract illness. ICS are used in the treatment of early symptoms of COVID-19 disease in low doses. Asthmatic patients or patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, who are on regular use of ICS were found to have a low risk of early symptoms of severely ill COVID-19 disease. Although there appeared to be some evidence that corticosteroid therapy may be beneficial in treatment of corona virus disease, but it is also reported to be applicable only at the early acute phase. The literature records revealed that injectable formulations of corticosteroids are known to suppress the immunity in patients infected with SARS-CoV2. The present review is to study the different formulations of corticosteroids and their possible use in COVID-19 progression.
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