Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is a novel architecture that is shifting host-centric communication to a content-centric infrastructure. In recent years, in-network caching in CCNs has received significant attention from research community. To improve the cache hit ratio, most of the existing schemes store the content at maximum number of routers along the downloading path of content from source. While this helps in increased cache hits and reduction in delay and server load, the unnecessary caching significantly increases the network cost, bandwidth utilization, and storage consumption. To address the limitations in existing schemes, we propose an optimization based in-network caching policy, named as opt-Cache, which makes more efficient use of available cache resources, in order to reduce overall network utilization with reduced latency. Unlike existing schemes that mostly focus on a single factor to improve the cache performance, we intend to optimize the caching process by simultaneously considering various factors, e.g., content popularity, bandwidth, and latency, under a given set of constraints, e.g., available cache space, content availability, and careful eviction of existing contents in the cache. Our scheme determines optimized set of content to be cached at each node towards the edge based on content popularity and content distance from the content source. The contents that have less frequent requests have their popularity decreased with time. The optimal placement of contents across the CCN routers allows the overall reduction in bandwidth and latency. The proposed scheme is compared with the existing schemes and depicts better performance in terms of bandwidth consumption and latency while using less network resources.
Objectives: The present study was conducted to review the biodiversity of Amphibians, their decline in population and conservation. Methods/Statistical analysis: This study was done by reviewing the previous papers on biodiversity of Amphibians and available literature on various search engines. Findings: Species of amphibians estimated worldwide reveals 7481 species consisting of three orders, Salientia (Anura), Urodela (Caudata) and Apoda (Gymnophiona). The Salientia contains 6577, Urodela (Caudata) entail 698 species of both land and aquatic inhabitants and Apoda (Gymnophiona) virtually blind and nonmotile animals include 206 species. However, the population of Amphibians is reduced in Pakistan because of dry conditions and is a prominent indicator of climatic change. In Pakistan, the dominating population of Amphibians is Salientia (Anura), consisting of 21 species, 12 genera, and 4 families. Due to anthropogenic activities like the use of pesticides and fertilizers, deforestation, pollution, fragmentation and urbanization affects the amphibians. For conservation and protection, serious initiatives may be mediated to manage the situation. Application/Improvements: The present study will be helpful to conserve the diversity of Amphibians in the region and present findings may be useful in future studies.
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