The quality of a dairy product is largely determined by its microstructure which also affects its optical properties. Consequently, an assessment of the optical properties during production may be part of a feedback system for ensuring the quality of the production process. This paper presents a novel camerabased measurement technique that enables robust quantification of a wide range of reduced scattering coefficients and absorption coefficients. Measurements are based on hyperspectral images of diffuse reflectance in the wavelength range of 470 to 1020 nm. The optical properties of commercially available milk and yogurt products with three different levels of fat content are measured. These constitute a relevant range of products at a dairy plant. The measured reduced scattering properties of the samples are presented, and show a clear discrimination between levels of fat contents as well as fermentation. The presented measurement technique and method of analysis is thus suitable for a rapid, noncontact, and non-invasive inspection that can deduce physically interpretable properties.

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Photon time-of-flight (PTOF) spectroscopy enables the estimation of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of turbid media by measuring the propagation time of short light pulses through turbid medium. The present investigation provides a comparison of the assessed absorption and reduced scattering coefficients from PTOF measurements of intralipid 20% and India ink-based optical phantoms covering a wide range of optical properties relevant for biological tissues and dairy products. Three different models are used to obtain the optical properties by fitting to measured temporal profiles: the Liemert-Kienle model (LKM), the diffusion model (DM) and a white Monte-Carlo (WMC) simulation-based algorithm. For the infinite space geometry, a very good agreement is found between the LKM and WMC, while the results obtained by the DM differ, indicating that the LKM can provide accurate estimation of the optical parameters beyond the limits of the diffusion approximation in a computational effective and accurate manner. This result increases the potential range of applications for PTOF spectroscopy within industrial and biomedical applications.

Oblique incidence reflectometry has developed into an effective, noncontact, and noninvasive measurement technology for the quantification of both the reduced scattering and absorption coefficients of a sample. The optical properties are deduced by analyzing only the shape of the reflectance profiles. This article presents a sensitivity analysis of the technique in turbid media. Monte Carlo simulations are used to investigate the technique and its potential to distinguish the small changes between different levels of scattering. We present various regions of the dynamic range of optical properties in which system demands vary to be able to detect subtle changes in the structure of the medium, translated as measured optical properties. Effects of variation in anisotropy are discussed and results presented. Finally, experimental data of milk products with different fat content are considered as examples for comparison.

We present a comprehensive study of the application of photon time-of-flight spectroscopy (PTOFS) in the wavelength range 1050-1350 nm as a spectroscopic technique for the evaluation of the chemical composition and structural properties of pharmaceutical tablets. PTOFS is compared to transmission near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). In contrast to transmission NIRS, PTOFS is capable of directly and independently determining the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of the medium. Chemometric models were built on the evaluated absorption spectra for predicting tablet drug concentration. Results are compared to corresponding predictions built on transmission NIRS measurements. The predictive ability of PTOFS and transmission NIRS is comparable when models are based on uniformly distributed tablet sets. For non-uniform distribution of tablets based on particle sizes, the prediction ability of PTOFS is better than that of transmission NIRS. Analysis of reduced scattering spectra shows that PTOFS is able to characterize tablet microstructure and manufacturing process parameters. In contrast to the chemometric pseudovariables provided by transmission NIRS, PTOFS provides physically meaningful quantities such as scattering strength and slope of particle size. The ability of PTOFS to quantify the reduced scattering spectra, together with its robustness in predicting drug content, makes it suitable for such evaluations in the pharmaceutical industry.

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We report on extended spectroscopic analysis of pharmaceutical tablets performed with broadband photon time-of-flight absorption/scaring spectroscopy. Precise monitoring of absorption and scattering spectra enables cost-efficient monitoring of key safety and performance parameters of the drugs.

:We report on extended spectroscopic analysis of pharmaceutical tablets performed with broadband photon time-of-flight absorption/scaring spectroscopy. Precise monitoring of absorption and scattering spectra enables cost-efficient monitoring of key safety and performance parameters of the drugs. The key advantage of near-infrared (NIR) DOS spectroscopy in industrial applications is that, combined with chemo-metric analysis, it is capable of resolving subtle variations in the chemical composition, and in the physical, structural, and morphological properties of different kinds of turbid samples, without the need for costly and lengthy sample preparation. Furthermore, NIR DOS spectroscopy is relatively cheap, fast, and easy to implement, and can be set up for remote operation. As a result, it is suitable for on-line process monitoring and quality control.The main challenge associated with DOS measurements is differentiating between the effects of absorption and scattering in evaluated optical attenuation. The precise measurement of absorption is essential for the accurate evaluation of the chemical composition of a sample. Scattering can be utilized for the characterization of the structural and morphological properties of the sample.Conventional DOS techniques that are currently widely employed in diverse applications are based on monitoring transmission of CW light through turbid sample. In order to discriminate absorption and scattering effects they necessitate using an extensive chemometric modeling that is based on sophisticated design and costly maintenance of elaborated calibration databases. Recent advance in source and detector technology enables the development of the new advanced spectroscopic techniques such as photon time of flight (PTOF) spectroscopy that provide means for direct monitoring of absorption and scattering spectra of turbid samples. This enables better understanding the physics of the light interaction with the sample and facilitates advance in new spectroscopic analysis methods which eventually leads to chanced efficiency and decrease cost of the analysis.