In this paper, we develop an approach toward joint source-channel coding for motion-compensated DCT-based scalable video coding and transmission. A framework for the optimal selection of the source and channel coding rates over all scalable layers is presented such that the overall distortion is minimized. The algorithm utilizes universal rate distortion characteristics which are obtained experimentally and show the sensitivity of the source encoder and decoder to channel errors. The proposed algorithm allocates the available bit rate between scalable layers and, within each layer, between source and channel coding. We present the results of this rate allocation algorithm for video transmission over a wireless channel using the H.263 Version 2 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scalable codec for source coding and rate-compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) codes for channel coding. We discuss the performance of the algorithm with respect to the channel conditions, coding methodologies, layer rates, and number of layers.

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Arivoli et al., 2011). Thus, both vectors and vector-borne diseases have become challenging problems that have social and economic impacts (Raveen et al., 2014). Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are pantropical pests that are likely the most abundant house mosquitoes prevailing in urban and rural areas (Samuel et al., 2007; Wajiha et al., 2017). Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) is the most dominant mosquito species in Pakistan (Ashfaq et al., 2014). It is a vector of filarial fever and Japanese encephalitis, and it is a major public health concern in many developing countries (Arivoli et al., 2011; Ashfaq and Ashfaq, 2012). One of the major strategies is to control the vector or immediate host, which can minimize the spread of disease, and this strategy may be applied against immature or adult insect stages. Chemical insecticides are commonly considered to be the most effective control strategy against mosquitoes. However, public concern has increased significantly regarding their negative effects, such as potential health hazards, water contamination, environmental pollution, toxicity to nontarget organisms, the development of resistance in insects, and residual effects (

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This paper proposes a number of video transcoding techniques for the purpose of adding error resiliency. The proposed solutions make use of distributed video coding technologies which were originally reported in the literature for distributing coding complexity between the encoder and the decoder. Three transcoding solutions are proposed: frequency-domain, time-domain and compressed-domain transcoding, and various decoding architectures are investigated. Error resiliency at the decoder is addressed as a post-process, an integrated process and a pre-process. It is shown that implementing error resiliency as a decoder pre-process and combining this with compressed-domain transcoding removes the need to interfere with the functionality of existing and compliant decoders whilst minimising complexity. The proposed solutions serve as a framework for boosting the error resiliency of pre-encoded video and can be applied to MPEG-2, and H.264/AVC coded streams.