Municipal solid waste is a problem to developed and developing cities in the world. If municipal solid waste is not managed well, it can be a source of numerous contaminants to water, air, and soil. Although landfill is at the bottom in terms of priorities of municipal solid waste management techniques, its applicability cannot be neglected in developing economies. Landfill site selection is a hard puzzle comprised of political, social, economic, and environmental factors. Makkah, Saudi Arabia, is targeting 30 million pilgrims by 2030, putting the city in a difficult circumstance: More pilgrims, more municipal solid waste. The current dump site, Kakia, is expected to be full by 2020; thus, there is a need to locate a new landfill site. In 20 years, Makkah is expected to produce 44 million tonnes of municipal solid waste, which requires approximately a 7.5 m × 5,874,000 square meter landfill capacity. In this study, a geographic information system, analytical hierarchy process, vertical electrical sounding, and ground-penetrating radar are applied to select the best new landfill site for Makkah. By combining these techniques, there are three suitable site locations: (39°36 ́38.45 ́ ́E: 21°18 ́26.46 ́ ́N), (39°37 ́54.07 ́ ́E: 21°19 ́35.25 ́ ́N), and (39°44 ́04.45 ́ ́E: 21°13 ́08.93 ́ ́N). These sites have a considerable depth to water table of 12 m. Therefore, the city of Makkah should use these findings to establish a sanitary landfill.
In many countries, open dumping is considered the simplest, cheapest, and most cost-effective way of managing solid wastes. Thus, in underdeveloped economies, Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) are openly dumped. Improper waste disposal causes air, water, and soil pollution, impairing soil permeability and blockage of the drainage system. Solid Waste Management (SWM) can be enhanced by operating a well-engineered site with the capacity to reduce, reuse, and recover MSW. Makkah city is one of the holiest cities in the world. It harbors a dozen of holy places. Millions of people across the globe visit the place every year to perform Hajj, Umrah, and tourism. In the present study, MSW characterization and energy recovery from MSW of Makkah was determined. The average composition of solid waste in Makkah city is organic matter (48%), plastics (25%), paper and cardboard (20%), metals (4%), glass (2%), textiles (1%), and wood (1%). In order to evaluate energy recovery potential from solid waste in Kakia open dumpsite landfill, the Gas Generation Model (LandGEM) was used. According to LandGEM results, landfill gas (methane and carbon dioxide) generation potential and capacity were determined. Kakia open dump has a methane potential of 83.52 m3 per ton of waste.
The rapid development of resistance by ureolytic bacteria which are involved in various life-threatening conditions such as gastric and duodenal cancer has induced the need to develop a new line of therapy which has anti-urease activity. A series of pyridine carboxamide and carbothioamide derivatives which also have some novel structures were synthesized via condensation reaction and investigated against urease for their inhibitory action. Among the series, 5-chloropyridine-2 yl-methylene hydrazine carbothioamide (Rx-6) and pyridine 2-yl-methylene hydrazine carboxamide (Rx-7) IC50 = 1.07 ± 0.043 µM, 2.18 ± 0.058 µM both possessed significant activity. Furthermore, molecular docking and kinetic studies were performed for the most potent inhibitors to demonstrate the binding mode of the active pyridine carbothioamide with the enzyme urease and its mode of interaction. The ADME profile also showed that all the synthesized molecules present oral bioavailability and high GI absorption.
Rapid urban development and modernization in Makkah have led to an increase in urban infrastructure needs. The city of Makkah is a main destination for the global Islamic pilgrimage and is highly utilized for major infrastructure and building expansion including processes of densification. As a consequence of Hajj and Umrah activities, the city experiences a major annual upward trajectory of public space usage and solid waste production which caters to the needs of temporary activities targeted to foreign visitors. These circumstances lead to issues of inefficiencies in the management of public services in the city, particularly in the provision of public space and solid waste management for residents. Within this context, the aim of this paper is to understand the development of public space in Makkah and the level of services delivered to local residents based on residents’ perspectives on services provided in formal and informal settlements in Makkah. The study contributes to the gap in research on public space and waste handling in Makkah. Interviews addressing resident characteristics and public space with the quality of solid waste provision in Makkah are presented. An explanation of residents’ preferences for public space was also presented. At different times of the day, in the year 2018, the observations were carried out to identify usage patterns by the residents. The paper accomplishes this by presenting significant points for developments in community space and solid waste management.
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