Juglans regia commonly known as Persian walnut of the genus Juglans (Juglandaceae) is cultivated throughout the temperate regions of the world for its high quality wood and edible nuts. Though Persian walnut grows on 70,000 ha in Iran, we have no detailed information on genetic structure of walnut cultivars in the country. A detailed knowledge of genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure is essential for conservation and management of tree species. The species like Persian walnut, which has wide range of geographical distribution, should harbor extensive genetic variability to adapt to environmental fluctuations they face. Therefore, detailed population genetic study of local populations become important for conservation and breeding studies. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the population genetic structure of seven Persian walnut populations including 3 wild and 4 cultivated populations by using ISSR and SRAP molecular markers. We also aimed to compare the genetic variability revealed by ISSR neutral multilocus marker and nrDNA ITS sequences. Finally, we tried to investigate the species relationship within the genus Juglans L. by using molecular phylogeny methods based on nrDNA ITS sequences. The results showed that both multilocus molecular markers and ITS sequences can differentiate Persian walnut populations. The studied populations differed genetically and showed isolation by distance (IBD).
The genus Lallemantia Fisch. & C. A. Mey. (Family Lamiaceae) is a small genus with only five species that are herbaceous annual or biennial plants with food and medicinal value. This genus is of Caucasian origin and contains 5 species in Iran. The aims of the present study were: 1-to examine the occurrence of phylogenetic conflict between nuclear (ribosome ITS), nuclear repetitive sequences (ISSRs) and plastid (rps16 intron, cp) sequences in the genus Lallemantia (Lamiaceae), 2-to investigate the occurrence of inter-specific hybridization in this genus, and 3-to compare the time of divergence of the species from the basal line by ITS and cp-DNA molecular data. This is the first analysis on these evolutionary aspects of the genus Lallemantia. We provided the first molecular evidence for the occurrence of inter-specific hybridization in the genus Lallemantia and illustrated that phylogenetic signals in cp-DNA and ITS sequences differ significantly.
Bieb.) also named Dragon's head" is an annual plant cultivated for its seeds that contain about 30%-38% drying oil (siccative oil). Its seed oil is used in foods, dye and varnish industry. L. iberica seeds have traditional uses as reconstitute, stimulant, diuretic and expectorant. L. iberica in an important medicinal plant in our country and grows in various regions with different environmental conditions. At present no investigation has been reported about population genetic structure of this valuable plant species in Iran. Therefore, we carried out population genetic analysis of 11 populations of L. iberica by using ISSR molecular markers for the first time. Genetic diversity analysis revealed high within population genetic variability. AMOVA test produced significant genetic difference among the studied populations. Mantel test revealed significant correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance of the populations. STRUCTURE analysis and K-Means clustering revealed population genetic fragmentation and the presence of three gene pools for this species. The assignment test revealed the occurrence of limited gene flow among the populations. The results suggested that genetic divergence, limited gene flow, genetic drift and local adaptation have played role in diversification of L. iberica.
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