The transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can occur through an airborne route, in addition to contaminated surfaces and objects. In hospitals, it has been confirmed by several studies that SARS-CoV-2 can contaminate surfaces and medical equipment especially in hospitals dedicated to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The aim of this study was to detect the contamination of hands, objects, and surfaces in isolation rooms and also in outpatients' clinics in hospitals and polyclinics. Environmental contamination of public high-touch surfaces in public facilities was also investigated during an active COVID-19 pandemic. Random swabs were also taken from public shops, pharmacies, bakeries, groceries, banknotes, and automated teller machines (ATMs). Samples were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 positivity using real-time polymerase chain reaction.In the COVID-19 regional reference hospital, only 3 out of 20 samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Hand swabs from SARS-CoV-2-positive patients in isolation rooms were occasionally positive for viral RNA. In outpatients' clinics, door handles were the most contaminated surfaces. Dental chairs, sinks, keyboards, ophthalmoscopes, and laboratory equipment were also contaminated. Although no positive swabs were found in shops and public facilities, random ATM swabs returned a positive result for SARS-CoV-2. Although there is no longer a focus on COVID-19 wards and isolation hospitals, more attention is required to decontaminate frequently touched surfaces in health-care facilities used by patients not diagnosed with COVID-19. Additionally, high-touch public surfaces such as ATMs require further disinfection procedures to limit the transmission of the infection.
Introduction:The management of hospitalized COVID-19 patients depends largely on controlling the intensified inflammatory response known as the cytokine storm.Candidate inflammatory cytokines can serve as new biomarkers for the management of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.Methods: Patients (80) were recruited into three groups: room air (RA), oxygen (OX) and mechanical ventilator (MV). Blood analysis was performed for RBC, WBC, Hb, Platelets, serum albumin and creatinine, INR, PTT, and hematocrit. ELISA was used to quantify a panel of inflammatory mediators including GM-SCF, IFNα, IFNγ, IL-
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, has reached all the corners of the world and was declared by the WHO as a global pandemic and public health emergency of international concern on the January 31, 2020. Allocating quick and specific biomarkers to predict the disease severity upon admission to hospital became a crucial need. This study, therefore, aimed at exploring the relationship between laboratory results in COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital and the final outcome in these patients. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on the medical records of 310 COVID-19-positive patients admitted to Uhod Hospital, the referral hospital in the area of Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, between the April 13 and the July 29, 2020. The association of laboratory results with the survival/mortality outcomes was studied. Results: It was demonstrated that lymphopenia, prolonged aPTT, high INR, high D. dimer and high CK are valuable prognostic predictors of the severity of the disease at early stages that can determine the outcome. Based on the results of the multiple logistic regression, the variables that are associated with death outcome are aPTT, HR, RR, ALT and CK level Conclusion: It is proposed to perform these tests on admission to hospital for moderate to severe COVID-19 patients to improve the management of those cases and reduce mortality.
This is a single center, retrospective, observational study carried out in Ohud hospital, the main referral hospital for SARS-CoV-2 infections in the region of Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study was carried on hospitalized patients with moderate to severe symptoms, including critically ill patients in the intensive care unit mostly of them requiring oxygen or mechanical ventilator support. Medical records from 432 cases were investigated showing that the majority of infected population were adults with an average age of 48 years, where 68.3% were males and the mortality rate was 5.6%. Duration of the disease was determined as the period between the first positive and the first negative PCR results. Patients who received antibiotics or Metoclopramide showed shorter duration of the disease time course while those who received Hydroxychloroquine, Omeprazole or Calcium exhibited longer durations before obtaining a negative PCR result. Regression analysis furtherly confirmed that antibiotics administration was associated with shorter course of disease while hydroxychloroquine or omeprazole were correlated with longer duration of the disease. Antiviral drugs, however, showed no correlations to the COVID-19 duration of stay in hospital. Finally, combining antibiotics and antiviral agents did not result in a better outcome, suggesting that the use of antibacterial agents helps in the recovery of SARS-CoV-2 patients.
Background: Proton pump inhibitor (PPI)–coated prodrugs remain inactive until they enter the alkaline atmosphere of the duodenum, where they are absorbed and transmitted to parietal cells. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of PPI medication on patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and their outcomes. Methods: This was a retrospective, multicenter study conducted at two regional hospitals in Saudi Arabia. All confirmed COVID-19 patients between March 1 and August 15, 2020, were included in the study. The Mann–Whitney U and chi-squared tests were performed to appropriately determine the difference between treatment groups. Results: Out of 346 patients, 136 (39.3 %) were users of PPIs with standard care, and 210 (60.7%) standard care and the average age was 43.5 years. The mean hospital length of stay in users of PPIs with standard care was 4.25 days. In contrast, the death cases of PPIs with standard care group were 3 cases out of 9 cases. Conclusion: The impact of PPIs on COVID-19 patients is so far still a debate, and the discovery of novel therapies for COVID-19 is paramount. However, it is important for scientists and treating physicians to thoroughly identify the comorbidities of patients and other treatments before PPI administration.
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