The detection and understanding of nonconforming behavior (violations) can be useful in forming safety diagnoses and developing safety countermeasures. Traffic violations occur when road users, including pedestrians, seek increased mobility and disregard traffic laws and regulations. Such behavior can cause additional collision risks. This paper's objective is to demonstrate the automated identification of pedestrian crossing violations with computer vision techniques. Two types of violations are considered. The first is spatial violations: pedestrians cross an intersection in nondesignated crossing regions. The second is temporal violations: pedestrians cross an intersection during an improper signal phase. The methodology primarily relies on the identification of road users' trajectories and separating pedestrians with nonconforming behavior from those with conforming behavior. The methodology is demonstrated on two urban intersections, one in downtown Vancouver, Canada, the other in Kuwait City, Kuwait. The results show satisfactory accuracy in the detection of spatial and temporal violations, with an approximately 90% correct violation detection rate having been achieved in both case studies.
An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effects of various percentages of fi ne/coarse tire waste and microsilica at various temperatures on the compressive strength of concrete. The compressive strength of concrete mixtures made with tire rubber was assessed statistically with those of concrete containing microsilica and conventional concretes in order to evaluate the usefulness of recycling rubber waste as a component of concrete.Results confi rmed that the recipe and processing temperature of concrete cubes infl uence the compressive strength values. Generally, the use of microsilica or fi ne rubber mixed with microsilica as aggregate replacement of 5% by volume improved the compressive strength of concrete processed at a temperature of 150°C. The addition of coarse rubber did not achieve any increase in strength when used as an aggregate replacement at any percentage. Moreover, the reductions in the compressive strength of concrete mixes at higher temperatures were much smaller for the fi ne rubber with 5 vol% microsilica than those for control and coarse rubber mixes. The specimens made with fi ne rubber and 5 vol% microsilica at elevated temperatures above 400°C appeared to show very similar compressive strength values. The use of fi ne rubber in building construction could help save energy and reduce costs and solve the solid waste disposal problem posed by this type of waste.
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