BackgroundFocal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is characterized by the presence of glomerular damage on histopathological examination. The major defining symptom of FSGS is proteinuria, which indicates damage to the glomerular filtration barrier. Additionally, FSGS is the most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome. However, in Saudi Arabia, there is a paucity of research on this topic. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the clinical features, laboratory findings, and presence of comorbidities in patients with FSGS to determine their effects on clinical outcomes. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the histopathological and clinical data of patients diagnosed with FSGS via biopsy at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, during the period 1989-2020. Biopsy samples were labeled according to the Columbia classification as tip, perihilar, cellular, collapsing, or not otherwise specified (NOS). ResultsWe included 39 children and 21 adults. Males accounted for 54.1% of the sample. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity. Regarding FSGS subtypes, 60.9% of the lesions in the adult patients were collapsing lesions, followed by NOS (26.1%). In pediatric patients, 36.8% of the lesions were NOS, followed by collapsing lesions (28.9%). We also observed a very low rate of remission. In both age groups, the most common clinical presentation was nephrotic syndrome. ConclusionWe found a high prevalence of collapsing and NOS FSGS subtypes in both the adult and pediatric age groups. The most prevalent outcome was the persistence of nephrotic syndrome with low rates of remission.
Background Seizures constitute a serious public health concern, especially in pediatric patients. They are among the most prevalent medical issues affecting children. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used imaging modality to evaluate, assess, and follow up on brain abnormalities. Objectives The purpose of the study is to explore the clinical findings of pediatric patients with seizures and their associated findings on MRI examinations. Material and methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2021 and 2022 at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH). A total of 171 pediatric patients (ages 1-14 years old) who had seizures and underwent brain MRI examinations were included in the study. The mean age of the group was two years. Results Focal seizures represented the majority of seizure types in 62 (60.2%) patients compared to 42 patients who presented with generalized seizures and 67 patients who presented with normal findings based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis. The most common finding in imaging was the presence of developmental anomalies, which were found in 31 (18.5%) patients. This was followed by hypoxic-ischemic injury in 12 patients, vascular abnormalities in 10 patients, inherited metabolic disorders in nine patients, and infection-related findings in six patients. Conclusion MRI has an invaluable role in managing pediatric patients with seizures. Accurate diagnosis of patients is an essential step for delivering proper care to patients. MRI is considered the main imaging modality to establish a correct diagnosis and thereby improve prognosis, and electroencephalogram (EEG) should be taken into account during standard neurodiagnostic testing.
The social acceptance of patients with epilepsy is largely determined by society's opinion of epilepsy; therefore, individuals with epilepsy could face prejudice and stigma as a result of negative impressions. Religious beliefs and mystical notions have been shown to influence attitudes toward epilepsy. Health fatalism could also be detrimental to society's and caregivers' approach toward such patients. In extreme settings, this could hinder them from obtaining an adequate treatment process. MethodsA cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted from February 2022 to May 2022 in Saudi Arabia, Spain, Scotland, and Italy using an online questionnaire consisting of 33 questions concerning the Health Fatalism Scale (HFS), the Epilepsy Knowledge Scale (EKS), and the Epilepsy Attitude Scale (EAS). ResultsA total of 735 health science students (HSS) participated in the present study. The majority of participants were females (64.1%) while male participants represented 34.6% of the study. Health science students currently studying in Saudi Arabia represented the majority of participants with a percentage of 58.5%. Among the four countries, students in Saudi Arabia presented with the highest knowledge mean score. Students in Spain had the highest mean attitude score. Muslim students had the highest mean fatalism scores followed by Christian students. ConclusionIn general, a high level of knowledge was observed among the participants, most notably, among Saudis who presented with the highest level of knowledge across the four countries. Regarding attitude, Spanish students presented the best attitude towards patients with epilepsy. Low fatalism scores were commonly observed across all countries regardless of their different demographic characteristics. Fatalism perception should be further detailed to ensure optimal services are delivered without prejudgment by future healthcare workers.
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