Background: Color change is one major drawback of tooth-colored resin-based restorations. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the color stability of three commonly used resin-based restorative materials upon exposure to tea and coffee. Materials and Methods: Discs were fabricated from Spectrum TPH (Dentsply/Caulk), Denfil (Vericom), and Filtek Z250 (3 M) microhybrid composites and immersed in coffee and tea solutions for two hours on the first day and the whole of the second, third, and fourth days. The color was assessed visually and recorded using the Lobene Stain Index after each period of immersion. The color change of the three composite resins was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Friedman test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The Cohen's Kappa was also calculated to assess inter-rater agreement. Results: The three composite resins showed statistically significant color changes after four days of immersion in a coffee solution (P = 0.014), but their color change in the tea solution was not significant (P > 0.05). A comparison of color changes in the composites after one (two hours) and four days of immersion in tea and coffee solutions revealed a significant difference in color changes between Spectrum TPH and the other two composites (P < 0.001). Conclusions:The three microhybrid composites used in this study showed variable color stability upon exposure to a coffee solution. The color stability of Spectrum TPH was inferior to that of Denfil and Filtek Z250.
Background . Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Calcium-enriched Mixture (CEM) cement are used for pulp capping since they induce the formation of a dentinal bridge. Long setting time is a shortcoming of these types of cement. This study aimed to assess the effect of the incorporation of some alkaline salts to MTA and CEM cement on their setting time, ion release profile, pH, and surface morphology. Methods. In this in vitro experimental study, 5% calcium chloride (CaCl2), calcium oxide (CaO), sodium fluoride (NaF), and calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] were separately added to MTA and CEM cement. The primary and final setting times of the cements were measured using a Gillmore needle apparatus. The samples were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for one, seven, and 14 days and subjected to x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for phase identification and surface morphology assessment. The change in the pH of solutions was studied, and the calcium ion release profile was determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The data were analyzed with ANOVA, followed by post hoc tests. Results. CaCl2 and CaO decreased the setting time of MTA, and Ca(NO3)2 decreased the setting time of CEM cement. The incorporation of the salts increased the pH and calcium ion release from both cements, and hydroxyapatite deposits were noted to cover the surface of the samples (observed by SEM and confirmed by EDXA). Conclusion. The incorporation of CaCl2 and CaO into MTA and Ca(NO3)2 into CEM cement decreased their setting time and increased their pH and calcium ion release.
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