Reproduction of different tissues using scaffolds and materials is a major element in regenerative medicine. The regeneration of whole organs with decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) has remained a goal despite the use of these materials for different purposes. Recently, decellularization techniques have been widely used in producing scaffolds that are appropriate for regenerating damaged organs and may be able to overcome the shortage of donor organs. Decellularized ECM offers several advantages over synthetic compounds, including the preserved natural microenvironment features. Different decellularization methods have been developed, each of which is appropriate for removing cells from specific tissues under certain conditions. A variety of methods have been advanced for evaluating the decellularization process in terms of cell removal efficiency, tissue ultrastructure preservation, toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical resistance in order to enhance the efficacy of decellularization methods. Modification techniques improve the characteristics of decellularized scaffolds, making them available for the regeneration of damaged tissues. Moreover, modification of scaffolds makes them appropriate options for drug delivery, disease modeling, and improving stem cells growth and proliferation. However, considering different challenges in the way of decellularization methods and application of decellularized scaffolds, this field is constantly developing and progressively moving forward. This review has outlined recent decellularization and sterilization strategies, evaluation tests for efficient decellularization, materials processing, application, and challenges and future outlooks of decellularization in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

IntroductionSeroma is defined as collection of fluid within the surgical site during postoperative period that causes several complications. Recognition of predisposing risk factors can lead to avoid seroma formation after thyroidectomy.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was carried out during a 3-year period and 678 patients were enrolled the study. We recorded demographic data, past medical history and the type of thyroidectomy were for all patients. We measured total and ionized serum calcium and albumin level in all patients before surgery and a day after it. All patients underwent total or subtotal thyroidectomy and if needed central neck dissection was performed subsequently. Patients underwent serial aspiration If they had seroma formation.ResultsThe overall post-thyroidectomy seroma incidence was 2.2%. There was no statistically significant correlation while evaluating gender, age and body mass index with post-operative seroma formation. However, seroma formation was significantly higher in patients underwent total thyroidectomy (P = 0.041). The results of postoperative laboratory tests showed a significant lower level of ionized calcium in patients with seroma formation (P < 0.0001). Logistic regression showed statistically significant value for variables including age, BMI and decreased ionized calcium level, in developing of seroma.ConclusionWe showed that Seroma formation was lower during thyroidectomy via electrical vessel sealing system in comparison with previous studies. In our study, older age, greater body mass index and decreased ionized calcium level were predictors of seroma formation.

No abstract

The present study indicates strong potential of exercise in experimental oestrogen deficiency-induced lung damage.

No abstract

No abstract

Objective Gonadotropins are generally used in animals and humans to stimulate ovulation and increase the number of available oocytes for techniques such as in vitro fertilization. Ovulation-inducing drugs are used to achieve multiple oocytes in one cycle, thereby increasing the chances of pregnancy in patients with infertility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gonadotropins on stimulation of ovulation and their inductive role on the growth and development of follicles in the ovary. Methods To determine the effect of human chronic gonadotrophin (HCG) and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) on ovary, this study used 20 rats that were randomly divided to experimental and control groups. Rats were subsequently euthanized 48 h after injection and the ovaries were fixed and stained with H&E. Data were analyzed with Tukey's multiple comparisons with one-way ANOVA test in GraphPad Prism software. Result Our analysis demonstrated that HCG and PMSG hormones will significantly increase the number of stimulated oocyte in the ovary but it does not have any significant role on the ovary weight and volume (P < 0.05). Conclusion This study's results confirmed the inductive role of PMSG and HCG hormones on folliculogenesis.

Genistein seems to have a protective and therapeutic effect on conditions associated with neovascular growth in the retina. This study investigated the angiogenesis, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effect of genistein on the retinas in ovariectomized diabetic rats. In this study, forty female albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=8 per group): sham, OVX, OVX +diabetes (OVX.D), and OVX.D +genistein (OVX.D.G). OVX induced by bilateral ovaries removing and then high-fat diet (HFD) and a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (1 mg/kg: IP injected) was used for diabetes induction (OVX.D) with eight weeks of genistein treatment (OVX.D.G). At the end of 8 weeks, the retina was removed under anesthesia. The samples were used to measure ERK, MMP-2, VEGF, and Nf-КB by western blotting and inflammatory factors ELISA and oxidative stress. Measurements of GSH and MDA showed that OVX and specially OVX.D significantly decreased GSH and increased MDA level in the retina, but genistein reversed these effects OVX.D.G groups. Also, OVX and OVX.D significantly increased VEGF, MMP-2, p-ERK, Nf-КB, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression in the retina of OVX and OVX.D groups in comparison to the sham group(P<0.05). However, a significant reduction of these proteins was observed in the genistein-treated group (P<0.05).It can be concluded ovariectomy and subsequently estrogen deficiency caused the development of inflammation, neovascularization, and then retinopathy in STZ-induced diabetic ovariectomized rats. Based on the results, genistein administration may be the practical approach for improving symptoms and complications of ovariectomized diabetic retinopathy.