ABSTRAK Malaria merupakan salah satu penyakit yang terus endemik di beberapa daerah di Indonesia walaupun pemerintah telah melakukan berbagai usaha untuk mengobati dan mencegah malaria. World Health Organization (WHO) menargetkan insidensi kasus malaria pada tahun 2030 dapat turun hingga 90% dibandingkan tahun 2015.Asmat merupakan salah satu daerah endemik tinggi dan menjadi salah satu daerah target program eliminasi malaria, namun belum ada publikasi data rinci terkait malaria di Asmat, Papua. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi malaria di Asmat pada tahun 2017 dan melihat tren kejadian malaria yang merupakan salah satu indikator evaluasi program eliminasi malaria di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif observasional yang dilakukan selama pelaksanaan kegiatan Kuliah Kerja Nyata - Peduli Bencana (KKN-PB) Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), pada tanggal 17 Maret hingga 30 April 2018 di Asmat, Papua. Penelitian dilakukan dengan analisis data sekunder dan observasi. Data sekunder diambil dari Dinas Kesehatasn Kabupaten Asmat, kemudian dianalisis dan dipaparkan secara deskriptif. Dilakukan pula observasi lingkungan di Distrik Agats, Atsj, dan Sawaerma untuk mengetahui kemungkinan faktor-faktor risiko malaria. Pada tahun 2017, prevalensi malaria di kabupaten Asmat yaitu 12,37% dengan 7,90 % kasus malaria klinis dan 4,46% kasus malaria yang telah tegak diagnosisnya berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium. Prevalensi tersebut meningkat dibandingkan tahun 2016. Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Puskesmas) Atsj merupakan puskesmas dengan prevalensi malaria tertinggi, yaitu sebesar 27,70%. Kejadian malaria ini kemungkinan dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan fisik (suhu, kelembaban, kerapatan dinding rumah, pengunaan kawat kassa, curah hujan), lingkungan biologi (adanya semak dan rawa), lingkungan kimia (salinitas dan pH), serta kebiasaan masyarakat. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penanganan malaria di Asmat masih menjadi tantangan besar bagi petugas kesehatan dan pemerintah. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui faktor penyebab masih tingginya kejadian malaria agar kebijakan yang diambil lebih tepat. KATA KUNCI prevalensi; malaria; endemik; Asmat; Papua ABSTRACT Malaria is still an endemic disease in Indonesia, despite years of government efforts to cure and prevent malaria. World Health Organization (WHO) has a goal to reduce malaria case incidence globally at least 90% in 2030 compared with 2015.Asmat is one of the high endemic areas in Indonesia, making Asmat one of the target areas for malaria elimination programs. However, the published data regarding malaria in Asmat is limited. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of malaria in Asmat in 2017 and assess the trend of malaria prevalence, as an indicator in evaluating malaria elimination programs. This study was descriptive observational research which was performed from March 17th until April 30th 2018, as part of Kuliah Kerja Nyata - Peduli Bencana (KKN-PB) Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), in Asmat Regency. This study was using secondary data analysis and environmental observation. Secondary data was obtained from Department of Health in Asmat Regency and presented descriptively. Environmental observation in Agats, Atsj, and Sawaerma District was also conducted to find out the possible risk factors of malaria. In 2017, malaria prevalence in Asmat was 12.37% with 7.9% cases being clinically diagnosed malaria, and the other 4.46% laboratory diagnosed malaria. The prevalence in 2017 was higher than in 2016. Among all the districts in Asmat, Atsj had the highest prevalence (27.70%). Malaria prevalence was possibly affected by multiple factors, such as physical environment (temperature, humidity, houses’ wall density, and the use of wire net), biological environment (house surrounded by bush or swamp), chemical environment (pH and salinity), and habits in community. These findings suggest that malaria control is still a big challenge for health-care workers and government. Further research is needed to study the exact causes of high malaria prevalence in Asmat, so that more appropriate policies can be done to overcome the problem.KEYWORDS prevalence; malaria; endemic; Asmat; Papua
ABSTRAK Pada tahun 2013, terdapat 37% kasus anemia pada ibu hamil di Indonesia. Kejadiannya di Agats, Asmat, Papua masih merupakan fenomena gunung es yang belum banyak mendapat sorotan. Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Puskesmas) Agats menjalankan Program 1000 Hari Pertama Kehidupan (HPK) sejak tahun 2016 untuk meningkatkan kualitas kehamilan dan kelahiran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi anemia pada ibu hamil peserta Program 1000 HPK serta menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap anemia pada ibu hamil di Agats, Asmat, Papua. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif observasional, menggunakan data sekunder dari laporan evaluasi Program 1000 HPK Puskesmas Agats Oktober 2017, yang diambil pada periode pelaksanaan Kuliah Kerja Nyata - Peduli Bencana (KKN-PB) Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), 17 Maret sampai 30 April 2018. Sebanyak 97 ibu hamil dari 230 peserta Program 1000 HPK dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini. Data yang diambil meliputi umur kehamilan, kadar hemoglobin (Hb), lingkar lengan atas (LLA), berat badan, dan pemberian suplemen zat besi. Kadar Hb < 11 g/dL pada trimester I atau < 10.5 g/dL pada trimester II dan III digolongkan sebagai anemia. Dilakukan pula analisis kemungkinan faktor risiko anemia berdasarkan hasil observasi di Agats dengan tinjauan pustaka. Dari total 97 ibu hamil peserta Program 1000 HPK, sebanyak 45.4% orang menderita anemia, meskipun 43.4% di antaranya telah mendapatkan suplementasi zat besi. Sebanyak 24.7% ibu hamil memiliki LLA < 23 cm. Beberapa kemungkinan faktor risiko anemia pada ibu hamil di Agats meliputi letak geografis Asmat, rendahnya tingkat pendidikan masyarakat, minimnya tenaga kesehatan serta fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan, kurangnya perhatian masyarakat terhadap kesehatan, keadaan sosioekonomi rendah, dan status gizi ibu hamil. Prevalensi anemia pada ibu hamil peserta Program 1000 HPK di Agats, Asmat, Papua pada Oktober 2017 lebih tinggi dari prevalensi nasional. Penelitian lebih lanjut dibutuhkan untuk mengetahui kaitan pasti antara kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil di Agats dengan faktor-faktor risiko tersebut.KATA KUNCI anemia; kehamilan; 1000 hari pertama kehidupan; Asmat; Papua ABSTRACT In 2013, it was found that 37% pregnant women in Indonesia suffered from anemia. However, in Agats, Asmat, Papua, this phenomenon has not gained enough attention. In order to improve the quality of birth and pregnancy, Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Puskesmas) Agats is currently implementing the First 1000 Days of Life (1000 HPK) Program since 2016. This study aimed to discover the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy of the 1000 HPK participants in Agats and to understand the possible contributing risk factors. This study was descriptive observational study using secondary data from the evaluation report of 1000 HPK Program in Puskesmas Agats during October 2017. From 230 participants of 1000 HPK Program, 97 of them who were pregnant, were taken as the sample. The data (gestational age, hemoglobin level, upper arm circumference, body weight, and history of iron supplementation) were obtained during the implementation of Kuliah Kerja Nyata - Peduli Bencana (KKN-PB) Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), from March 17th to April 30th, 2018. Hemoglobin level in the first trimester < 11 g/dL or in the second and third trimester < 10.5 g/dL were classified as anemia. The observed risk factors were then analyzed using literature review. From 97 participants of 1000 HPK Program, 45.4% suffered from anemia, even though 43.4% of them had received iron supplementation. Moreover, 24.7% of the pregnant women had mid-upper arm circumference < 23 cm. Several observed influencing risk factors included the geographic profile of Asmat, low educational status, lacking of health personnels, facilities and the general awareness of the citizens regarding maternal health, low socio-economical status, and low maternal nutritional status. The prevalence of anemia in the pregnant participants of 1000 HPK Program in Agats, Asmat, Papua, during October 2017 was higher than the national prevalence. Further study needs to be conducted in order to find the correlation between the prevalence of anemia in the pregnant participants of 1000 HPK Program in Agats and the suspected risk factors.KEYWORDS anemia; pregnancy; first 1000 days of life; Asmat; Papua
Jumlah santri yang mencapai 4.986 orang di ketiga Pondok Pesantren Al-Anwar menyebabkan produksi sampah di lingkungan pondok lebih dari satu ton per harinya. Sejumlah 239,93 kg sampah merupakan sampah plastik yang tidak mudah terurai di lingkungan karena sifatnya yang nonbiodegradable. Hal ini menimbulkan pencemaran lingkungan, terlebih ketika sampah dibakar di udara terbuka dan dibuang ke laut seperti metode penanganan sampah yang dilakukan oleh pengurus pondok saat ini. Dalam penelitian ini diharapkan menjadi langkah awal pembelajaran pelestarian lingkungan dengan teknologi pirolisis. Penelitian dilakukan dengan membuat model mesin pirolisis Plastic to Oil Machine (PeTOM), berkapasitas 30 liter. Dengan mesin ini, minyak mulai dihasilkan pada menit ke-45 yang mana setiap 1 kg sampah plastik menghasilkan 0,4-0,49 kg minyak bakar. Potensi minyak bakar yang dihasilkan di Pondok Pesantren Al Anwar adalah 239,33 liter per hari dengan potensi ekonomi setara dengan Rp. 35.899.200,00 per bulan.[The number of students who reached 4,986 people in the three Pondok Pesantren Al Anwar cause waste production in the cottage neighborhood more than one ton per day. A total of 239.93 kg of waste is a plastic waste that is not easy to decompose in the environment because it is nonbiodegradable. This causes environmental pollution, especially when garbage is burned in the open air and discharged into the sea such as methods of handling waste made by the current cottage board. In this study is expected to be the first step of environmental conservation learning with pyrolysis technology. The research was done by making the model of pyrolysis machine of Plastic to Oil Machine (PeTOM), with 30 liters capacity. With this engine, oil began to be produced in the 45th minute of which every 1 kg of plastic waste produced 0.4-0.49 kg of fuel oil. The potential of fuel produced at Pondok Pesantren Al Anwar is 239.33 liters per day with economic potential equivalent to Rp. 35.899.200,- per month.]
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