The aim of this study was to investigate whether thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) has biochemical and histological preventive effects on oxidative liver damage induced by paracetamol (APAP). Rats were divided into the following groups: healthy control (HG), APAP (AG, 1500 mg/kg, orally), thiamine pyrophosphate (TPPG, 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), APAP+NAC (ANAC, 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), APAP+TPP (ATPG) and APAP+NAC+TPP (ANTG). Oxidant, antioxidant parameters, liver function tests and histological assessment were performed between groups. Malondialdehyde levels in the AG, HG, TPPG, ANAC, ATPG and ANTG groups were 0.470 AE 0.210, 0.213 AE 0.004, 0.194 AE 0.001, 0.197 AE 0.06, 0.199 AE 0.008 and 0.173 AE 0.010 lmol/g protein, respectively. Total glutathione levels were 7.787 AE 0.395, 14.925 AE 0.932, 13.200 AE 0.984, 13.162 AE 0.486, 13.287 AE 0.787 and 13.500 AE 0.891 lM/g protein, respectively. In the AG group, marked liver damage occurred with the elevation of liver function tests and oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide (p < 0.05). Biochemical results were congruent with the histological changes of oxidative damage. Compared to the AG group (p < 0.05), TPP significantly reduced oxidant parameter levels in the ATPG group and simultaneously increased the antioxidant parameter levels of catalase and glutathione. The histological changes were improved to almost normal hepatic structure. Moreover, TPP had nearly the same hepatoprotective effect as NAC, and there was statistically no additional benefit with NAC co-treatment. There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) among the ANAC, ANTG and ATPG groups in terms of oxidant/ antioxidant levels. TPP proved to be as efficacious as standard therapy and may be beneficial in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.Acetaminophen (Paracetamol, APAP) is widely used for its antipyretic and analgesic efficacy. APAP is safe and has few side effects when used at therapeutic levels. However, an overdose either in therapeutic contexts or in suicide can induce severe hepatotoxicity and acute liver failure [1,2]. Nearly 50% of all acute liver failure cases are due to APAP toxicity and carry 30% mortality [3]. In the United States, more than 100,000 cases of APAP intoxication occur annually [4]. Hepatotoxicity is the outcome of the reactive, toxic metabolite of APAP. If taken at recommended daily doses, nearly 85-90% of APAP is metabolized by glucuronidation and sulphation in the liver and subsequently excreted in the urine. In normal conditions, reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzo-quinoneimine (NAPQI) is detoxified by endogenous glutathione (GSH). However, after APAP overdose, the GSH stores are depleted and sufficient NAPQI detoxification cannot be processed. This leads NAPQI to covalently bind to intracellular proteins [5]. Covalent binding is thought to be the progenitor mechanism of centrilobular hepatic necrosis, causing oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and the depletion of protein thiols [6].In APAP hepatot...
Geçmişte ve günümüzde halk sağlığı sorunlarının çoğunun altında doğru beslenememe yatmaktadır. Bu sorunların çözümü için bireysel ve toplumsal önlemler alınması gerekmektedir. Toplumsal düzeyde alınan önlemler ulusal ya da uluslar arası platformlarda farklılık gösterebilmektedir. Alınan uluslararası önlemler arasında, özellikle anne sütü ile beslenme sıklığının artırılması örnek verilebilir. Bunu takiben, beslenme eğitimi programları, beslenme açısından riskli ve duyarlı olan gruplara yönelik özel eğitim ve müdahale programlarının yaygınlaştırılması ile toplumda görülme sıklığı yüksek olan beslenme sorunlarının çözümü için besin zenginleştirilmesi ya da besin güçlendirilmesi uygulamaları da yer almaktadır. Besin zenginleştirme ve güçlendirme işlemleri FDA (Gıda ve İlaç İdaresi) tarafından kontrol altında uygulanmakta olup 1900' lü yıllarda başlamıştır; bu yıllarda ilk olarak eklenen besin öğelerinin başında iyot (tuz) ve D vitamini (süt) gelmektedir. Derlememizde, tüm dünyada yaygın olarak uygulanan besin zenginleştirme ve güçlendirme işlemlerinin önemi ve uygulama yollarının bazı örneklerle gösterimi amaçlanmıştır. WHO (Dünya Sağlık Örgütü), Pubmed, Sağlık Bakanlığı, gibi bilimsel sitelere ulaşılarak, "fortified", "enriched", "food", ''micronutrients'', ''supplement'', ''fortified bread'', "gıda takviyeleri", ''zenginleştirilmiş gıda'' kelimeleri ile konu hakkındaki raporlara ve bilimsel literatürlere ulaşılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda günümüzde uygulanan, sağlığa olumlu etkisi için gıdalara eklenebilecek Destek/Katkı maddelerinin beklenen faydası ve ülkelere göre kanunla düzenlenen Destek/Katkı maddeleri tablolar halinde hazırlanmıştır. Bu tür uygulamalar, koruyucu hekimlik yönünden oldukça önemlidir. Böylece, önlenebilecek hastalıklar engellenerek daha sağlıklı bir toplum yaratılmaya çalışılır. Pek çok ülkede devlet tarafından kontrol edilir ve hatta uygulama zorunluluğu vardır. Kontrol edilmediğinde, yetersiz ilave sağlık otoritelerini yanıltabilir. Öte taraftan, gıdalarımıza yeterince katıldığı halde, toplumda hali hazırda mevcut sorun olan vitamin/mineral suiistimali ile birlikte fazla mineral/vitamin maruziyetine neden olabilir. Alkol ve şeker gibi zararlı olabilecek maddedeler vitamin takviyesi, toplum algısını bozarak, bu ürünlerin artık zaralı olmadığı konusunda inanç geliştirebilir. Bu derlemenin, ülkemizde besin güçlendirme ve zenginleştirme çalışmaları ile diğer ülkelerin karşılaştırılmasına fayda sağlayacağını düşünmekteyiz.
Objective:Hypericum perforatum (HP) is a herbal product used in the treatment of depression, but its harm on the fetus has not been established. This study investigated the effects of HP according to fetal clinical, morphologic, and histologic findings. Study design is an animal study.Materials and Methods:Fifty-four 4-5-month-old female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, 100 mg/kg HP, and 300 mg/kg HP. HP treatment using drinking water was started one week before mating and ended with the delivery of pups.Results:HP exposure before conception diminished the pregnancy rate and decreased the fetal number; during pregnancy it tended to increase the duration of gestation, and deteriorated the fetal development as determined using body weight. It also damaged liver and kidney tissues, most probably due to oxidative stress, as supported through inducible nitric oxide synthase antibody staining findings at both doses.Conclusion:HP should not be recommended to women who would like to be pregnant or are pregnant because it can be harmful for both fetal and maternal health.
Objective: Hypericum perforatum is widely used for depression and distress treatment as an over-the-counter plant at any age. This study investigated the safety of H. perforatum on ovarian function and infertility. Material and Methods: H. perforatum was given to rats in two different dosages (100 and 300 mg/kg/day) with drinking water for four weeks. Half of the treatment groups were sacrificed at the end of the four-week intervention, the remainder was sacrificed after an additional four-week waiting period to see if there was reversibility. At the end of the experiment, blood samples and both ovarian tissues were obtained under anesthesia with ketamine and xylazine (50 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively). Results: Although primordial follicle numbers were not affected with a dose of 100 mg/kg, they were significantly decreased (28.6%) when the dose was tripled. Primary follicle numbers stayed the same, but secondary and tertiary follicles numbers were significantly dose-dependently decreased, and remained significantly low four weeks after the intervention. Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) levels were not significantly different between the groups. Conclusion: H. perforatum treatment did not change serum levels of AMH because the primary follicle number did not decrease. However, the other follicle counts decreased in a dose-dependent manner and full recovery was not regained after four weeks. The detrimental effect of H. perforatum on primordial follicles should be taken into consideration because any woman using H. perforatum could also experience ovarian failure.
Objective Statins and Paracetamol have widespread use in clinic and both drugs possess similar side effects; therefore, we investigated if drug-interaction occurs when the combination of these two drugs is used during therapy. Materials and methods A total of 32 (12–15 months old) grown-up male rats were divided into four groups: Control group, RSV group (10 mg/kg Rosuvastatin/daily), APAP group (50 mg/kg Paracetamol/5 days/weekly), RSV+APAP (10 mg/kg Rosuvastatin/daily+50 mg/kg Paracetamol/5 days/weekly). At the end of 8 weeks of chronic treatment, the blood and tissue samples were taken under the Ketamine and Xylasine anesthesia (50 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively). Results In the liver, sinusoidal dilatations, pyknotic nuclei and hemorrhagic foci are more frequently seen in the group receiving combination therapy; although serum liver functions among groups were not significantly different. Kidney histopathologic alterations in APAP and RSV+APAP groups were found more distinct than in RSV alone group. Inducible nitric oxide synthase activity was highly increased with combination therapy in liver and kidney tissues. Conclusion RSV-Paracetamol interaction may occur as an important drug interaction histopathologically even before it is manifested biochemically in the clinic.
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