Purpose: In this study, we examined the association between specific birth-related variables and postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms. Design and Methods: In this descriptive study, data were collected using a personal information form, the City Birth Trauma Scale, and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale. Findings: The findings revealed that 8.5% of participants met all the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. The risk of developing depression was 9.7 times higher among women who met all the criteria for PTSD than among those who did not meet all the criteria.

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Background:Wellbeing is one’s evaluation and judgment of one’s life. It consists of 3 dimensions: positive affectivity, negative affectivity, and life satisfaction.Objectives:This study aimed to compare the subjective wellbeing and positive future expectations between working and nonworking adolescents.Patients and Methods:The study was designed as descriptive and comparative. The study sample consisted of 420 working and 482 nonworking adolescents (n = 902) aged 15 - 20 years, who were randomly recruited from two occupational education centers in Istanbul, Turkey and two high schools (formal educations) in the same district.Results:Adolescent subjective wellbeing scale (ASWS) total mean (SD) scores for working adolescents and nonworking adolescents were 48.76 (9.50) and 49.72 (8.01), respectively. In addition, positive future expectations scale (PFES) total mean (SD) scores for working adolescents and nonworking adolescents were 18.71 (4.50) and 19.06 (3.49), respectively. In this study, no significant difference was found between the general wellbeing (scale total median score) scores of the working and nonworking adolescent groups (Z = 1.01, P = 0.315). However, significant differences were found in the family relations satisfaction (Z = 3.23, P = 0.002) and relations with significant others (Z = 2.85, P = 0.004) subscales of the ASWS.Conclusions:A positive relationship was found between adolescent subjective wellbeing and positive future expectations. It was found that nonworking adolescents scored higher on the dimensions of “family relations” and “relations with significant others” of subjective wellbeing compared to those dimensions in working adolescents.

Objectives: Emotional labor is the effort type that organizations expect from their employees or the effort that the individual makes based on his/her mood. Negative clinical experiences in the workplace may have long-term influence on emotional labor behavior. Aim of this study was carried out to determine the effect of midwifery students' negative experiences in clinical practices on their emotional labor behaviors. Methods: The study is a mixed-methods study. Thematic analysis and descriptive was used. The study was conducted from November to December 2018 with 370 midwifery students in Istanbul. The relevant data were collected via a "Descriptive Information Form" and Emotional Labor Behavior Scale of Nurses (ELBS). Results: The mean age of the students recruited for the research is 21.57±1.51. Eighty-five percent of students (n=314) were identified to have at least one negative clinical experience, which decreased their motivations to be a midwife. "Healthcare professional's behaviors towards pregnant women during childbirth" rank first (48.1%) among these negative experiences. A little more than the half of the students (51%) react to these negative experiences by "staying away from the setting." It was identified that ELBS total score mean of students were 96.52±11.92 and also that as students' fear to vaginal birth management increased, their ELBS scores decreased (p=0,00, r=-0,22). It is determined that clinical negative experiences do not affect students' emotional labor behavior (p>0,05). Conclusion: The factor affecting a large part of students' motivation to be midwife negatively is the healthcare professional's negative behaviors towards pregnant women and students. Within this context, it must be attempted to make healthcare personnel behave in a more humanistic and professional way towards women and students. Therefore, midwifery education programs should be planned and written about the qualifications that students should be knowledgeable and equipped to understand the emotional needs of women.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the factors affecting secondary traumatic stress on midwifery students.Design and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted between November and December 2018. Data were collected using information form and the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale.Findings: The study found that 22.2% of midwifery students met all the trauma criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder according to the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Midwifery students who were unhappy to continue their education and those who wished to switch to another profession after graduation respectively showed a 2.8-and a 4-fold higher risk of meeting the trauma criteria (p < 0.05). Conclusion:The secondary traumatic stress rate in midwifery students is particularly high considering the fact that one in five students fulfills all of the Secondary Traumatic Stress criteria. However, to reduce their secondary traumatic stress rate, students should be thoroughly assessed by the educators who could provide the support necessary.Implications for nursing practice: Before graduation from the midwifery departments, students' traumatic stress symptoms could be assessed mental health nursing courses, which might enable to change their attitudes towards to cope with this situation. Especially after traumatic childbirths, midwifery students should be supported by mental health nurses to cope with traumatic stress. Midwifery students should be encouraged each and every possible moment to express their feelings when they experience traumatic stress and thus their skills for effective coping can be reinforced.

Objectives:This study was carried out to investigate the effect of menopausal symptoms on the loneliness of women in the menopausal period. Methods:The study sample consisted of 546 women who applied to the menopause polyclinic of a state hospital in Istanbul and agreed to participate in the study. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, UCLA Loneliness Scale and Menopausal Symptom Rating Scale (MRS). ResultsThe mean age of the women included in the study was 52.70 ± 6.39. The mean scores of menopausal symptoms of women included in the study; were found to be higher in women with low education level (p = 0.001), women with big family structure (p = 0,002) and women with low income (p = 0,001). It was determined that women with less education (p = 0,015), women not working (p = 0,001) and women with low income (p = 0,001) were found to have higher mean loneliness scores. Correlation analysis revealed that the mean scores of menopausal symptoms were increased (p = 0,000) as the loneliness level average of women increased. Women with the most severe mean scores of menopausal symptoms were found to have the highest mean level of loneliness (p = 0,000). Conclusion: Women with high levels of loneliness were found to have experienced severe menopausal symptoms. It was determined that as women's level of loneliness increased, menopausal symptoms increased.

Menarche is a physiologic situation that is always memorable and significant in ladies' life. Emotional reactions are different among cultures and countries. Menarche is very important for a girl due to physiologic, psychologic and cultural effect. Negative emotions can develop if the girl hasn't got the true knowledge. The aim of this study is to determine the emotional reactions and traditional application of Turkish adolescents. A conversation form is used. The form included; age, education level, menarche age, level of knowledge about menarche, emotional reaction about menarche, tradional application with regard to menarche. A descriptive research was performed. Data was collected between 1 March-31 August 2011. The sample consisted of 1465 adolescent from seven differ region of Turkey. The mean age of the sample was 20.26±2.34 and 84.6 % of them were university students. Mean menarche age was 13.28±1.25 (min:10, max:19). Most sense emotional status at menarche were; 35.2% "I was affaid", 35.8% "I was surprised", 10.1% "I'm glad", 6.8% "I was blush", 4.5% "I was sorrow". It is of great importance to give adequate information to girls concerning menarche. Keywords: Menearche, Adolescent, Emotional Reactions Türk Adolesanlarda Menarş ve İlk Duygusal Tepkiler ÖzetMenarş bir kadının yaşamında her zaman hatırlanan önemli bir fizyolojik olaydır. Mentrüel kanama ve menarşa bakış açısı; bireysel, toplumsal ve kültürel farklılıklar gösterebilir. Bazı toplumlarda gizlenmesi gereken ve utanılan bir hastalık/rahatsızlık durumu olarak algılanırken bazı toplumlarda büyümenin işareti olan bir mucizedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türk adolesan kızlarda menarşa yönelik ilk duygusal tepkileri ve geleneksel uygulamaları tanımlamaktır. Tanımlayıcı bir çalışmadır. Verilerin toplanmasında yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Bu form; yaş, eğitim düzeyi, menarş yaşı, menarşa yönelik bilgi, ilk duygusal tepki ve geleneksel uygulamaları içermektedir. Veriler 1 Mart -31 Ağustos 2011 tarihleri arasında toplanmıştır. 1465 adolesan ile görüşülmüştür. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 20.26 olup %84.6'sı üniversite öğrencisidir. Menarş yaş ortalaması 13.28 bulunmuştur. Menarşa yönelik yaşanan ilk tepkiler %35.2 "korktum", %35.8 "sürpriz oldu", %10.1 "sevindim", %6.8 "utandım" ve %4.5 "üzüldüm" olarak belirtilmiştir. Menarş ile ilgili olarak genç kızlara yeterli bilgi verilmesi önemlidir.