This paper analyses a possible sociology of science set up by Florestan Fernandes. Florestan highlighted the critical role and the historical commitment of science in society, whose protagonism is up to sociologists in their intellectual, political and historical actions. According to Fernandes, the role played by the intellectuals has central importance for the understanding of social change process in Brazil, with which science must have a strong social connection. Science is presented as a trigger for social change process, and disruption appears as a central theme of Fernandes' critical thinking: the new emancipatory science. The social roles presented by Fernandes' sociology serves to defending science from the falsification of reality and also to attack the decadent social order, which diverts the scientific reasoning, sterilizing it and paralyzing the scientist. The focus should be located in the dilemmas of the development of a scientific institution in a country of peripheral modernity, especially in the contrast within the introduction of a specific type of rationality within a social order conditioned by patrimonial rules.
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