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The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of grazing intensities after 11 years of an integrated crop-livestock system, under no-tillage, on soil moisture and soybean physiological parameters during a summer season affected by drought. The experiment was established in 2001 on a Rhodic Hapludox. Treatments consisted in the succession of soybean (summer) and a mixed pasture of black oat + Italian ryegrass (winter), under different beef-cattle grazing intensities: intensive grazing, with 0.10-m pasture height; moderate grazing, with 0.20-m pasture height; and no grazing. During the soybean cycle, in the 2011/2012 crop season, rainfall was 40% of the climatological normal. The soil moisture was within the limits of available water both under moderate grazing and no grazing, at 0.00-0.50-m soil depth, but, under intensive grazing, it was below the permanent wilting point, especially up to the grazing height of 0.20 m. Intensive grazing affected negatively the plant physiology parameters, reaching peaks of -2.5 MPa and +6°C for leaf water potential and leaf-air temperature difference, respectively. Moderate grazing or the absence of grazing, during the winter season, results in similar physiological responses, contributing to soybean plant homeostasis.

RESUMOO objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar como o manejo da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura no milho e lâminas de irrigação afetam a dinâmica do nitrogênio no perfil do solo e o rendimento de grãos de milho. Foi considerada uma área experimental que vem sendo cultivada em sistema plantio direto há 22 anos, em Eldorado do Sul/RS. Os tratamentos constaram da combinação de manejos de nitrogênio em cobertura (testemunha sem nitrogênio em cobertura, dose única de 300 kg ha -1 e essa dose parcelada em duas vezes) e lâminas de irrigação (20 e 100 mm). As amostragens de solo foram realizadas dez dias após a primeira adubação de nitrogênio em cobertura e dez dias após a segunda adubação de nitrogênio em cobertura. Independentemente da lâmina de irrigação, ocorreu o aumento nos teores de nitrato nas camadas subsuperficiais (20-30 e 30-40 cm) após a aplicação das doses de nitrogênio em cobertura. O parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada foi uma alternativa eficiente para diminuir os teores de nitrato nas camadas subsuperficiais do solo, para ambas as lâminas de irrigação. Entretanto, isso não se refletiu em ganho de produtividade e em retorno econômico quando comparado à aplicação única de nitrogênio em cobertura, independentemente da lâmina de irrigação. Palavras-chave: estoque de nitrogênio; parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada; rendimento de grãos.

The knowledge on the amount of nutrients exported by citrus fruit is an adequate tool to estimate nutrient demand reposition and this information about mandarin is very scarce. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the nutrient content and exportation by mandarin fruits harvest, in an orchard managed under organic production system. An experiment was carried out in an organic orchard of adult mandarin trees (23 years), located in Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil). The total content of macronutrients and micronutrients was determined in the mandarin fruits and the exportation was estimated by average yields in two seasons (2013/2014 and 2014/2015). The average exportation of macronutrient was 3.3, 2.3, 1.3, 0.4 and 0.3 kg t-1 for N, K, Ca, P and Mg, respectively; and of micronutrients was 6.3, 4.6, 1.5, 0.7 and 0.5 g t-1 for Fe, B, Zn, Mn and Cu, respectively. The N exportation in mandarin fruits does not comply with the current information used for citrus fertilizer recommendations, where the K is the nutrient most exported. Regarding micronutrients, besides the exported amounts vary among the literature, the magnitude order follows the same observed in our study. We propose these new standards for reposition of macronutrients and micronutrients in established mandarin orchards under organic management, contributing to a more accurate fertilizer recommendation.