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RESUMOO fungo Microcyclus ulei, causador do mal-das-folhas da seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis), é o maior responsável pelo insucesso da heveicultura nas áreas tradicionais de cultivo no Brasil. Com o objetivo de conhecer melhor a diversidade desse patógeno foram estudados 50 isolados, obtidos nos anos 1997 e 1998, de uma área de 5.000 ha de seringueira da "Plantações Michelin da Bahia", no Sudeste da Bahia, através do tipo de reação de 12 clones de seringueira. As inoculações foram realizadas na face inferior dos folíolos jovens, repetidas três ou mais vezes em plantas diferentes, em câmara úmida com umidade superior a 95% e temperatura variando de 23 a 26 ºC. Após 12 dias efetuaram-se as avaliações, utilizando-se uma escala de notas de 1 a 6, que mede a virulência e a intensidade de esporulação. Palavras-chave adicionais: virulência, mal das folhas da seringueira. ABSTRACT Variability of Microcyclus ulei isolates from Southeast BahiaSouth American Leaf Blight (SALB) of Hevea rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) tree, a disease caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei, is the principal reason for the rather poor development of natural rubber production in Brazil. To obtain a more accurate knowledge of the diversity of this pathogen, 50 fungus isolates originated from the "Plantações Michelin da Bahia" were studied in 1997 and 1998, by observing the host's reaction type when inoculated on 12 different rubber clones. Inoculations were performed on the lower surface of young leaflets, with at least three replications in different plants and days, in an inoculation chamber with relative humidity superior to 95% and temperature between 23 and 26 °C. Evaluation of symptoms was carried out 12 days after inoculation, using a 1 to 6 scale which measured virulence and sporulation intensity. Thirty-six perfils of virulence were identified among the 50 tested isolates, and 21 showed virulence on more than nine clones while none showed virulence on all 12 different clones. The aggressiveness of isolates, evaluated through the intensity of sporulation, varied significantly from one clone to another. Each isolate usually presented a high degree of aggressiveness to some clones and a low degree to to others, with the exception of isolates FTP 11 and FTP 44 which always displayed a low degree of aggressiveness. For example, some isolates showed higher aggressiveness to Hevea benthamiana clones, while others was more aggressive to H. brasiliensis clones. Four isolates seem to be specific to clone FX 2784. 502Fitopatol. bras. 28(5), set -out 2003 INTRODUÇÃOA produção de borracha natural no Brasil em 1996, segundo dados do IBAMA, apresentados por Hoelz (1999), foi de 53.438 t, ou seja, 43% da demanda nacional, num país que apresenta condições edafo-climáticas altamente favoráveis ao desenvolvimento da heveicultura e dispõe de milhões de hectares para plantio.O insucesso da heveicultura (Hevea spp.) nas áreas tradicionais de cultivo no Brasil deve-se, principalmente, a ocorrência do mal das folhas da seringueira, causado pelo Microcyclus ulei, ...

The South American Leaf Blight (SALB), caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei, is the major rubber tree disease in all Central and South America. A population of 192 progeny individuals derived from a cross between a resistant clone and a susceptible cultivated clone was planted in a field trial in French Guiana in order to evaluate the resistance parameters under real infestation conditions. The resistance type (RT), the presence of stromata (ST) and the level of attack (AT) were observed 20-times on a 22-months period, and semi-quantitative evaluation of stromata was registered only once. The search for QTLs was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, Interval Mapping and the Composite Interval Mapping method. One major QTL located on linkage group g13 was detected on the RO 38 map, responsible for 36 to 89% of the phenotypic variance of resistance. This resistance QTL corresponds to one that had previously been detected under controlled conditions of infestation and we called it M13-1bn. Surprisingly, the effect of this QTL was larger under natural conditions of infestation than under controlled inoculation. Other minor QTLs (four on the RO38 map and one on the PB 260 map) were also detected. The type of resistance brought by M13-1bn, as well as its durability, are discussed. Applications for rubber tree breeding programs are considered.

The antestia bug, Antestiopsis thunbergii (Gmelin 1790) is a major pest of Arabica coffee in Africa. The bug prefers coffee at the highest elevations, contrary to other major pests. The objectives of this study were to describe the relationship between A. thunbergii populations and elevation, to elucidate this relationship using our knowledge of the pest thermal biology and to predict the pest distribution under climate warming. Antestiopsis thunbergii population density was assessed in 24 coffee farms located along a transect delimited across an elevation gradient in the range 1000–1700 m asl, on Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Density was assessed for three different climatic seasons, the cool dry season in June 2014 and 2015, the short rainy season in October 2014 and the warm dry season in January 2015. The pest distribution was predicted over the same transect using three risk indices: the establishment risk index (ERI), the generation index (GI) and the activity index (AI). These indices were computed using simulated life table parameters obtained from temperature-dependent development models and temperature data from 1) field records using data loggers deployed over the transect and 2) predictions for year 2055 extracted from AFRICLIM database. The observed population density was the highest during the cool dry season and increased significantly with increasing elevation. For current temperature, the ERI increased with an increase in elevation and was therefore distributed similarly to observed populations, contrary to the other indices. This result suggests that immature stage susceptibility to extreme temperatures was a key factor of population distribution as impacted by elevation. In the future, distribution of the risk indices globally indicated a decrease of the risk at low elevation and an increase of the risk at the highest elevations. Based on these results, we concluded with recommendations to mitigate the risk of A. thunbergii infestation.

Coffee wilt disease (CWD) caused by

Coffee agroforestry systems (CAFS) are often considered to be species-rich, potentially contributing to the conservation of indigenous trees. To investigate the conservation capacity of a Kenyan CAFS, all tree species on 62 smallholder coffee farms (covering 39 ha in total) in the Aberdare Mountains of Central Kenya were recorded. In total, 6,642 trees of 59 species were enumerated, with a mean density of 256 trees per ha and a mean species richness of 11.2 species per farm. Indigenous species represented 63 % of the richness but only 31 % of the abundance. For individual farms, as expected, farm size had a positive correlation with tree species richness, but more interestingly there was a negative correlation with tree density. Cluster analysis based on densities of the 18 most important species (defined by an importance value index) revealed two groups of farms: one cluster represented small farms (mean size = 0.4 ha) with high tree species diversity and individual density, particularly of indigenous trees; the other cluster represented large (mean size = 1 ha) and less diverse farms with low tree densities, particularly regarding indigenous species. Tree individuals were unevenly distributed within farms, being more frequent in living fences (38 % of all individuals), the garden zone (20 %) and in coffee plots (18 %). The relative occurrence of indigenous species was also uneven, being greater in living fences and the garden zone. Most adult trees (83 %) were planted, but only 46 % of seedlings were, revealing the active removal of volunteer seedlings by farmers as trees mature. Surveyed coffee farms harboured 20 % of the 135 tree species of the potential natural vegetation for the region, but only 3.6 % of the on-farm tree individuals belonged to the most valuable types of dominant and forest vegetation. Thus, although a source of significant tree cover and heterogeneity at landscape level, the value of these CAFS as circa situm reservoirs of forest tree species is questionable. (Résumé d'auteur

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