Résumé:Dans cet article nous modélisons la relation entre le revenu et le bien-être déclaré à l'aide de techniques à effet aléatoire appliquées sur des données de panel issues de douze pays européens. Il n'est pas possible de distinguer empiriquement une hétérogénéité des fonctions d'utilité (transformation du revenu en utilité) et une hétérogénéité des fonctions d'expression (transformation de l'utilité en bien-êttre déclaré); néanmoins, nous montrons que l'on peut fermement rejeter l'hypothèse selon laquelle ses deux opérations sont menées de la même façon dans les douze pays étudiés. L'"effet marginal du revenu sur le bien-être" diffère en effet très significativement entre les quatre classes mises en évidence; ce qui laisse supposer des préférences pour la redistribution et des comportements très différents entre ces classes. Nos résultats nous amènent à penser qu'agréger sans précaution des données issues de populations et de pays différents peut s'avérer une pratique dangereuse. Abstract:This paper models the relationship between income and self-reported weel-being using random-effect techniques applied to panel data from twelve European countries. We cannot distinguish empirically between heterogeneities in the utility function (translating income into utility) and the expression function (turning utility into self-reported well-being), but we strongly reject the hypothesis that individuals carry out these joint transformations in same way. The "marginal well-being effect of income" is very different in the four classes we identify; thus we expect preferences for redistribution and behaviour to be different across these classes. Our results suggest that aggregating data across diverse populations, and countries, may be a dangerous practice. Mots clés :Revenu, utilité, bien-être, hétérogénéité, classes latentes.Key Words : Income, Utility, Well-being, Heterogeneity, Latent classes. Abstract This paper models the relationship between income and self-reported well-being using random-effect techniques applied to panel data from twelve European countries. We cannot distinguish empirically between heterogeneities in the utility function (translating income into utility) and the expression function (turning utility into self-reported well-being), but we strongly reject the hypothesis that individuals carry out these joint transformations in the same way. The "marginal well-being effect of income" is very different in the four classes we identify; we thus expect preferences for redistribution and behaviour to be different across these classes. Our results suggests that aggregating data across diverse populations, and countries, may be a dangerous practice.JEL Codes: C14, C23, I30.

We use nine waves of BHPS data to examine interactions between spouses in terms of a behaviour with important health repercussions: cigarette smoking. Correlation between partners' behaviours may be due to correlated effects, as a consequence of matching or information revealed by others' behaviours, or to endogenous effects generated by bargaining within marriage. A simple bivariate probit reveals a positive correlation between own current smoking and partner's past smoking, which is consistent with endogenous effects. However, after controlling for individual effects, we find that own current smoking and partner's past smoking are statistically independent: all of the correlation in smoking status works through the correlation in individual effects. As such the correlation in the raw smoking data is consistent with positive assortative matching in marriage over smoking, rather than bargaining within the couple or social learning.

This paper tests for income-related reporting heterogeneity in self-assessed health (SAH). It also constructs a synthetic measure of clinical health to decompose the effect of income on SAH into an effect on clinical health (which is called a health production effect) and a reporting heterogeneity effect. We find health production effects essentially for low-income individuals, and reporting heterogeneity for the choice between the medium labels i.e. "fair" vs. "good" and for high-income individuals. As such, SAH should be used cautiously for the assessment of income-related health inequalities in France. It is however possible to minimize the reporting heterogeneity bias by converting SAH into a binary variable for poor health versus other health statuses

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This paper uses French data on ideal body weight and food attitudes to analyse the role of social norms in the individual's weight control problem. A proxy measure of social norms is calculated by averaging individual perceptions of the ideal body mass index (BMI) over all observations within a reference group. Testing for di¤erent de…nitions of the reference group, we …nd that individual representations of ideal body shape are di¤erentiated mainly along gender and age lines. Social norms regarding body shape have a signi…cant e¤ect on perceptions of ideal BMI only for those women who want to lose weight, with an elasticity close to 0.5. For many women and for all men, ideal BMI is almost exclusively determined by habitual BMI. Last, ideal BMI predicts a number of attitudes toward food, while social norms do not. These results suggest that promoting medical norms regarding body shape should have little e¤ect on individual food attitudes.JEL codes: C21, D11, D12, I10, Z13.

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BackgroundOrganic food intake has risen in many countries during the past decades. Even though motivations associated with such choice have been studied, psychological traits preceding these motivations have rarely been explored. Consideration of future consequences (CFC) represents the extent to which individuals consider future versus immediate consequences of their current behaviors. Consequently, a future oriented personality may be an important characteristic of organic food consumers. The objective was to analyze the association between CFC and organic food consumption in a large sample of the adult general population.MethodsIn 2014, a sample of 27,634 participants from the NutriNet-Santé cohort study completed the CFC questionnaire and an Organic-Food Frequency questionnaire. For each food group (17 groups), non-organic food consumers were compared to organic food consumers across quartiles of the CFC using multiple logistic regressions. Moreover, adjusted means of proportions of organic food intakes out of total food intakes were compared between quartiles of the CFC. Analyses were adjusted for socio-demographic, lifestyle and dietary characteristics.ResultsParticipants with higher CFC were more likely to consume organic food (OR quartile 4 (Q4) vs. Q1 = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.62, 2.20). Overall, future oriented participants were more likely to consume 14 food groups. The strongest associations were observed for starchy refined foods (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.63, 1.94), and fruits and vegetables (OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.58, 1.92). The contribution of organic food intake out of total food intake was 33% higher in the Q4 compared to Q1. More precisely, the contribution of organic food consumed was higher in the Q4 for 16 food groups. The highest relative differences between Q4 and Q1 were observed for starchy refined foods (22%) and non-alcoholic beverages (21%). Seafood was the only food group without a significant difference.ConclusionsThis study provides information on the personality of organic food consumers in a large sample of adult participants. Consideration of future consequences could represent a significant psychological determinant of organic food consumption.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12937-017-0311-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Using a panel dataset of 70 countries spanning 42 years (1970-2011), we investigate the distinct effects of social globalisation and trade openness on national trends in markers of diet quality (supplies of animal proteins, free fats and sugar, average body mass index, and diabetes prevalence). Our key methodological contribution is the application of a grouped fixed-effects estimator, which extends linear fixed-effects models. The grouped fixed-effects estimator partitions our sample into distinct groups of countries in order to control for time-varying unobserved heterogeneity that follows a group-specific pattern. We find that increasing social globalisation has a significant impact on the supplies of animal protein and sugar available for human consumption, as well as on mean body mass index. Specific components of social globalisation such as information flows (via television and the Internet) drive these results. Trade openness has no effect on dietary outcomes or health. These findings suggest that the social and cultural aspects of globalisation should receive greater attention in research on the nutrition transition.