Three diagrammatic grading keys were designed for the assessment of the severity of late blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans) in tomato leaves. Simplified and broad keys considered, respectively, six (3, 12, 22, 40, 60 and 77%) and eight (3, 6, 12, 22, 40, 60, 77 and 90%) levels of disease severity, whilst a modified key based on a previous proposal for potato late blight considered six levels (1, 5, 10, 16, 32 and 50%). The keys were validated by 24 evaluators who assessed digital images of tomato leaves exhibiting different areas with lesions. Evaluator errors were compared using a mixed model in which evaluators were considered as random effects and the keys and evaluations as fixed effects. The accuracy and precision of the evaluators were compared by simple linear regression between the estimated and actual values of disease severity. The repeatability of evaluators was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. There was significant (P £ 0AE001) variability amongst the errors made by evaluators, although the precision of each of the three keys was high with a coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of 0AE96, 0AE93 and 0AE83 for the simplified, broad and modified key, respectively. Repeatability of estimations amongst the evaluators was adequate (correlation coefficients of 0AE91, 0AE91 and 0AE90 for the three keys, respectively). The simplified and broad keys resulted in higher precision and accuracy for the estimation of severity than did the modified key. Since the simplified key considers a smaller number of disease severity levels, its use is recommended in the assessment of late blight in tomato leaves.

Mortality from collision with vehicles is the most visible impact of road traffic on wildlife. Mortality due to roads (hereafter road-kill) can affect the dynamic of populations of many species and can, therefore, increase the risk of local decline or extinction. This is especially true in Brazil, where plans for road network upgrading and expansion overlaps biodiversity hotspot areas, which are of high importance for global conservation. Researchers, conservationists and road planners face the challenge to define a national strategy for road mitigation and wildlife conservation. The main goal of this dataset is a compilation of geo-referenced road-kill data from published and unpublished road surveys. This is the first Data Paper in the BRAZIL series (see ATLANTIC, NEOTROPICAL, and BRAZIL collections of Data Papers published in Ecology), which aims make public road-kill data for species in the Brazilian Regions. The dataset encompasses road-kill records from 45 personal communications and 26 studies published in peer-reviewed journals, theses and reports. The road-kill dataset comprises 21,512 records, 83% of which are identified to the species level (n = 450 species). The dataset includes records of 31 amphibian species, 90 reptile species, 229 bird species, and 99 mammal species. One species is classified as Endangered, eight as Vulnerable and twelve as Near Threatened. The species with the highest number of records are: Didelphis albiventris (n = 1,549), Volatinia jacarina (n = 1,238), Cerdocyon thous (n = 1,135), Helicops infrataeniatus (n = 802), and Rhinella icterica (n = 692). Most of the records came from southern Brazil. However, observations of the road-kill incidence for non-Least Concern species are more spread across the country. This dataset can be used to identify which taxa seems to be vulnerable to traffic, analyze temporal and spatial patterns of road-kill at local, regional and national scales and also used to understand the effects of road-kill on population persistence. It may also contribute to studies that aims to understand the influence of landscape and environmental influences on road-kills, improve our knowledge on road-related strategies on biodiversity conservation and be used as complementary information on large-scale and macroecological studies. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set other than citation of this Data Paper.

Agricultural studies focusing on the development and/or improvement of new varieties of fruits and vegetables usually prioritize the productivity, disease resistance, response to fertilization, and higher nutrient content. However, new product development needs to take into account not only flavour preference, but also consumer preference for appearance since without tasting products, consumers have to make decisions based on the way a product looks. The present study evaluated the sensory characteristics and consumer preference of ten promising accessions of organic cherry tomato for fresh consumption aiming at identifying the sensory attributes related to appearance that contributed to consumer liking/disliking the fruit. More specifically, the objective of the study was to guide producers regarding the target appearance attributes that play a role on consumer acceptance of cherry tomatoes. Ten accessions of organic cherry tomatoes were evaluated by a trained panel using the QDA methodology, and also by 80 tomato consumers for the acceptance of appearance and intention to purchase. The results achieved after integrating these two data sets (from the trained panel and consumers) in a multidimensional map allowed the elucidation of consumer liking of tomatoes in relation to the appearance, i.e. drivers of liking/disliking were identified. Results revealed that tomatoes with round shape and red colour (reddish) (cultivar ENAS 1031, ENAS 1010, 'Perinha Agua Branca', Super Sweet, and 'Joana') were the most liked cherry tomatoes. Those genotypes were also liked by the smallest segment (17.5% of participants) but for them unusual shapes (oblong and pear), orange-yellow colour, and bigger size were also liked. Despite the small number of participants in this study (80 consumers), new shapes and colours for the organic cherry tomatoes could be considered promising alternatives in the Brazilian market, and can be an opportunity for the producers of the state of Rio de Janeiro.

The objective was to develop a suitable freezing method to cryopreserve Brycon opalinus (Characiformes) sperm. Extenders (NaCl and glucose at 325 and 365 mOsm/kg), cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide=dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methyl glycol=methyl glycol (MG)), equilibration times (15 and 30 min), thawing temperatures (30 and 60 °C), and straw sizes (0.5 and 4.0 mL) were tested. Sperm were frozen in a liquid nitrogen vapor vessel at -170 °C and subsequently stored in liquid nitrogen. Post-thaw sperm quality was always evaluated in terms of motility (expressed as percentage of motile sperm), duration of motility and vitality (eosin-nigrosin staining, expressed as percentage of intact sperm). The best freezing method was also tested for fertility and hatching (expressed as the percentage of fertilized eggs). Post-thaw sperm quality was highest when sperm were cryopreserved in Glucose 365 mOsm/kg and MG, after a 30-min equilibration and thawed at 60 °C for 8 s, of regardless straw size: 74±7% motile sperm, 47±4 s of motility duration, 69±3% intact sperm, 64±4% fertilization and 63±3% hatching. The freezing method developed in the present study was efficient and can be used to maximize larvae production for both aquaculture purposes and for conservational programs, since B. opalinus is a threatened species.

RESUMO -O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a seletividade do herbicida tembotrione aplicado em pós-emergência na cultura do milheto. Foram realizados dois ensaios, avaliandose primeiramente o efeito do herbicida sobre três cultivares de milheto (ADR-300, ADR-500 e ADR-7010) em casa de vegetação. Posteriormente, o híbrido ADR-7010 foi submetido, no campo, a doses crescentes de tembotrione aplicadas em dois estádios de desenvolvimento das plantas (quatro e sete folhas completamente desenvolvidas). Em casa de vegetação, os cultivares apresentaram percentuais semelhantes de redução no acúmulo de matéria seca da parte aérea, após utilização de 75,5 g ha -1 no estádio de quatro folhas expandidas. Em campo, o tembotrione mostrou maior potencial de intoxicação ao ser aplicado nos estádios mais precoces do híbrido ADR-7010. A seletividade do tembotrione é alterada em função da dose e do estádio fenológico da cultura do milheto no momento da aplicação do herbicida. O uso de tembotrione na cultura do milheto em áreas destinadas à produção de grãos mostrase uma alternativa viável no controle de plantas daninhas.Palavras-chave: plantas daninhas, Pennisetum glaucum, tricetonas.ABSTRACT -The present study was carried out to evaluate the selectivity of the herbicide tembotrione, applied at post-emergence of pearl millet. Two experiments were conducted, evaluating primarily the effect of the herbicide on three pearl millet cultivars (ADR-300, ADR-500 and ADR-7010) under greenhouse conditions. The hybrid ADR-7010 was later tested under field conditions, when increasing doses of tembotrione were applied at two stages of plant development (four and seven fully developed leaves). Under greenhouse conditions, the cultivars presented similar percentages of reduction of shoot dry matter accumulation, after tembotrione application at 75.5 g ha -1 at the four-expanded leaf stage .Under field conditions, tembotrione showed the highest phytotoxicity when applied at the early stages of hybrid ADR-7010. Tembotrione selectivity is dependent on the dose and developmental stage of pearl millet at the time of herbicide application. The use of tembotrione over growing millet in areas intended for grain production was found to be a viable alternative to weed control.

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Comparou-se a eficiência de tratamentos físicos e químicos na erradicação de X. vesicatoria em sementes de tomate 'Santa Clara Miss Brasil' e avaliou-se os seus efeitos sobre as qualidades fisiológica e sanitária das mesmas. As sementes foram inoculadas a vácuo com o isolado ENA 4463 de X. vesicatoria, e secas em estufa com ventilação à temperatura de 35ºC, até atingirem 8% a 9% de teor de água. Compararam-se os tratamentos, HCl a 5%, por 10 minutos, calor seco (70ºC/96 horas) e imersão em água a 50ºC, durante 25 e 30 minutos, e as testemunhas de sementes não inoculadas e sementes inoculadas. As avaliações foram feitas após 24 horas, 15 e 30 dias de armazenamento em geladeira por meio de testes de germinação, blotter teste e isolamentos em meio semi-seletivo (NAM). O tratamento com HCl a 5% erradicou X. vesicatoria das sementes e proporcionou maior velocidade de germinação quando a semeadura foi feita logo após a aplicação do tratamento, porém, foi prejudicial à germinação e ao vigor das plântulas quando as sementes foram armazenadas. O tratamento com calor seco (70ºC/96 horas) reduziu significativamente a população da bactéria e a velocidade de germinação, às 24 horas após a aplicação dos tratamentos, porém, manteve a qualidade fisiológica das sementes com o armazenamento. Os tratamentos com água aquecida por 25 e 30 minutos não afetaram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, porém, não foram eficientes na erradicação nem na redução de X vesicatoria.