Semantic meaning can be extracted from pictures presented very briefly, in the order of tens of milliseconds. This ultra‐rapid categorization processing appears to respect a coarse‐to‐fine path where lower level representations of concepts, or more detailed information, need additional time. We question whether variations in the levels of typicality of the target‐item would implicate additional processing for correct classification, both in neurotypical (NT) individuals and with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous research in ASD points out that atypical exemplars of a category might be abnormally processed (e.g., longer times in identifying a penguin as a bird), an observation that we further tested with a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. In this study, we applied a RSVP task, with four different presentation times (13, 27, 50, and 80 ms) and with typical and atypical exemplars to a group of NT individuals and a sample of individuals with ASD. We found, overall, a strong effect of typicality with a higher detection rate for typical items. In addition, we observed a group × typicality × duration interaction. We interpret these findings in the light of the competences of the feedforward sweep of information through our visual system.
A steady laminar rotating thermal plume was investigated by the numerical solution of the 3D momentum and energy equations. The flow originated from a low momentum hot jet (Richardson number Ri = 173 and Grashof number Gr = 5000) issued from a small inlet in the bottom wall of a cylindrical domain with a permeable lateral surface that is rotating (Ekman number Ek = 12). Second order accurate calculations of the structure and dynamics of the buoyant vortex were investigated, with specific emphasis on the evolution of the vorticity distributions and their effects on the ensuing vortex. Budgets of the vorticity transport equations were investigated to analyze the genesis of the developed axial vorticity, explaining how the whirling flow was generated. Nonslip and slip bottom boundary conditions allowed the investigation of the impact of the boundary layer on the axial vorticity generation. The results showed that there is a conversion of radial vorticity into axial vorticity. The radial vorticity was found to be generated not only in the boundary layer but also by tilting of the tangential vorticity, which results from buoyancy. Additionally, the boundary layer was found to have a strong impact on the generation of axial vorticity, but not to be necessary to generate the whirl. In fact, a stronger whirl was originated without the effect of the boundary layer, since the axial vorticity was generated closer to the inlet, where additional stretching is provided by the acceleration of the flow.
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