Transformations of European labour markets and welfare systems have deepened the problem of precarious work, leading trade unions to develop strategies to represent and organize the workers affected. We focus on Italy and Spain, two of the countries with the most precarious labour markets in Europe, and address the specificity and variety of union responses. We relate these responses to the different institutional contexts, including employment and welfare regulation, and the power resources unions can draw upon.
In this comparative qualitative study, the authors examine how local bargaining shapes the trade-off between labor flexibility and employment security policies in four multinational subsidiaries in Belgium, Britain, and Germany. They also consider whether and how union power to shape flexibility and security policies is affected by national institutions, the way that multinationals organize their subsidiaries, and local contextual factors. Findings support this multilevel, interdependent framework. Trade-offs are shaped by differences in workers' structural power in specific local subsidiaries. Differences in inter-subsidiary organizational configurations, markets, and technologies modify how unions can leverage collective resources to wield power in their relationship with management.
Autoantibodies that react exclusively with the gastrin-secreting cell of human antrum have been detected by immunofluorescence in eight of 106 patients with histologic evidence of chronic atrophic gastritis, Type B, involving mainly the antrum. These antibodies were of the IgG class and of low titer. However, follow-up studies one to two years later showed persistently positive reactions, despite symptomatic treatment. These data support the concept of an autoimmune variant of chronic "antral" gastritis, Type B.
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