This article synthesizes the results of a research on the emergence of organizational forms within solidary economy in Brazil. Discussion on solidary economy highlights the problem of how to apprehend its typical interstitial organizing phenomena. The response is given with the aid of Victor Turner's anthropological concepts 'liminality' and 'communitas'-or 'anti-structure'-which define the ontology of social interstices. After contextualization to contemporary capitalism and to the field of organizational studies, a new approach to the solidary economy organizing process is proposed through the theoretical construct called liminal organization. The analytical framework is applied in a case study of a company taken over by workers. Empirical evidence shows that liminal organizations live in contradiction as organizing processes in which structure and anti-structure are permanently tensioned.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how sustainability integrates the business strategy of Brazilian community supported agriculture (CSA) initiatives, and to understand the social, environmental and economic benefits to producers and consumers. Design/methodology/approach A case study was carried out through participant observation, using the techniques of ethnography, in addition to in-depth interviews and access to secondary data. Follow-up was carried out over two years and six months with two CSA initiatives. Findings The results indicated that the analyzed CSA activities address, in an integrated way, the social, environmental and economic dimensions of sustainability by promoting healthy diet, sustainable agriculture and social transformation to producers and consumers. Producers have their sales guaranteed due to previous consumers’ association; they also receive higher incomes, avoiding the rural exodus. In addition, their work conditions do not harm their health and the diversified production meets the consumption of their family group, increasing farmers’ autonomy. Regarding consumers, there is a strong emphasis on education for sustainability. It occurs primarily through face-to-face contact among participants, at times of basket withdrawal, follow-up visits to production and interaction events at farmers’ place. Exchanges of information, recipes, cooking classes, newsletters and internet interactions are also important. As these outputs, verified in a real situation, integrate the mission and the business proposal of these CSAs initiatives, it is possible to conclude that, in these analyzed situations, sustainability is incorporated into a business strategy. Sustainability is a structural component of the strategy, with practices in different levels of the business activity. Research limitations/implications As an exploratory study, the findings cannot be extrapolated to broader populations. To improve generalization, it would be beneficial to broaden the sample and pursue comparative research between countries and regions. Also, studies should examine which incentive structures and programs would relate more to better outcomes in education for sustainability and behavior chances. Practical implications From a managerial point of view, this study contributes by presenting emerging businesses in Brazil, which incorporated sustainability in their strategy, contributing with the need pointed out by Robinson (2004) to provide innovative and creative solutions toward sustainability. It also presents some alternatives to achieve objectives of the 2030 Agenda, especially objective 2 (related to food security) and 12 (improve sustainable production and consumption systems). This study also contributes by elucidating alternatives to promote education for sustainable consumption, presenting cases where consumers reported a more sustainable behavior. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by filling the gap pointed out by Arzu and Erkan (2010), Nakamba, Chan and Sharmina (2017), Rossi et al. (2017) and Searcy (2016) about addressing all three dimensions of sustainability in an integrated way, by analyzing CSA initiatives (a need indicated by Brown and Miller, 2008), especially evaluating empirical cases of sustainability insertion in the business strategy, as proposed by Claro, Claro and Amâncio (2008) and Franceschelli, Santoro and Candelo (2018). This study also responded to the need pointed out by Benites Lázaro and Gremaud (2016) to further understand the insertion of sustainability in the context of Latin America.
O artigo discute a proposição de que o turismo é uma "nova ciência". Tomando como referencial teórico o conceito de campo científico, em Pierre Bourdieu, o artigo analisa a proposta de "cientifização do turismo" apresentada por Jafar Jafari, para evidenciar que o turismo é um campo científico em formação. O problema da legitimação desse novo campo é discutido, e se identifica, como sintoma da necessidade de legitimação, a recorrência a signos da economia e dos negócios, consubstanciados num discurso dominante: o turismo-indústria. A crítica aos fundamentos da identidade entre turismo e indústria revela os limites de seu potencial de cientificidade, levando ao impasse o projeto de "cientifização". Finalmente, como contraponto ao discurso dominante, os autores sugerem situar a "cientifização" do turismo noutro contexto, esboçando uma proposta crítica e dialógica, visando aderir maior autonomia ao novo campo.
O artigo discute o conhecimento produzido no campo científico do meio ambiente, identificando cinco chaves discursivas em disputa: Crescimento Zero, Otimismo Extropiano, Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Decrescimento Convivial e Antropoceno. A pressuposição de uma ordem do discurso permite utilizar o método da análise do discurso, com enfoque na interdiscursividade do campo, para identificar a luta de posições em torno da questão ambiental. A análise revela o peso dos imperativos tecnológico e econômico, característicos da modernidade, nos discursos que defendem a continuidade do status quo social vigente. O Antropoceno, ainda que sob influência do ideário moderno, revela um potencial crítico não realizado. Ao construir uma aproximação com a proposta do Decrescimento Convivial, o artigo objetiva mitigar este déficit, além de apontar, com base em Ivan Illich (2005b) e Giorgio Agamben (2015), outros modos de enfrentar o domínio econômico e tecnológico, sustentáculos da apropriação acrítica da questão ambiental.
Resumo A forma que se tornou convencional de produzir e distribuir alimentos baseia-se no uso de agroquímicos, adubos, fertilizantes industriais e de outras técnicas provenientes da Revolução Verde, com crescente dependência do capital financeiro-industrial. Isto significa a intensificação da mercantilização da agricultura. O problema que norteou esta pesquisa é a emergência de modos de organização resistentes a essa tendência. Com base no referencial teórico de Karl Polanyi (2012a, 2012b), construiu-se um estudo de caso cujo objeto é a agricultura sustentada pela comunidade, cujo acrônimo em inglês é CSA (community supported agriculture). Trata-se de um movimento que ressitua a produção agrícola pelos princípios do comércio justo e da agroecologia e uso de cadeias curtas que aproximam produção e consumo. O resultado é um alimento de qualidade nutritiva superior a preço acessível e justo. A análise do caso CSA Alfa aponta a coexistência de diferentes princípios de regulação numa combinação de troca mercantil e reciprocidade. Na esteira de Karl Polanyi, observa-se a atividade econômica imbricada ao social, daí que amizade, tolerância, fidelidade e comprometimento estabelecem um ethos comunitário em torno do alimento. A CSA parece manifestar um contramovimento à mercantilização ao potencializar a autonomia relativa dos indivíduos, o que eleva a coesão social dos grupos participantes.
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