Recently, women have become relatively more engaged in the labour market and this increasing trend toward women's participation in jobs in the third world countries has drawn both social and academic attention. It is on the bases of this context, that this paper purports to empirically investigate the determinants of female labour force participation in Cameroon. Specifically, the study attempts to scrutinise the effect of: (a) spouse working status, (b) mothers/household characteristics, and (c) the type of religion practiced, on female labour force participation. To ascertain these objectives, data is sourced from the 2011 Cameroon Demographic Health Survey data collected by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) and used is made of both descriptive and inferential statistics. The logit regression model is employed to test the objectives. The empirical findings, among others suggested that, a woman with a non-working husband, an increase in age, presence of woman in the household increases the likelihood of women participating in the labour market. Contrarily, the presence of young children aged 0-5 years in the household and being a Muslim reduces the likelihood of women participating in the labour market. Policy wise, it is important for policy makers to understand women's decision to supply labour in the labour market as well as the factors that enable them to either participate or not in the job market. To assess the effect of the employability of the spouse on female labour force participation in Cameroon and across residence.  To investigate the effects of mother/household characteristics on female labour force participation in Cameroon and across residence.  To scrutinise the differential effects of religion on female labour force participation across residence. These objectives are guided by the following testable hypotheses, stated in alternative form: The partner"s employability is expected to relate negatively with FLFP  Mother"s household characteristics have a positive effect on FLFP  We expect Muslims to participate less in the labour market than Christians. The remaining sections of this paper is structured as follows: section II focus on the literature reviews, section III presents the methodology and the data description is done in section IV while section V present the findings and section VI concludes the paper.

The economic performance of CEMAC countries is severely poor, when compared to other communities of the same region. It is on the bases of this background, that this paper purports to empirically investigate the potential key drivers of economic performance in the CEMAC zone. Specifically, the study attempts to scrutinise the effect of: (a) educational expenditure, (b) gross physical capital formation, (c) public health expenditures, and (d) private health expenditure on economic performance. To ascertain these objectives, data is sourced from the World Bank Development Indicators (WDI) of 2017 and used is made of both descriptive and inferential statistics. The Panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) regression model was employed to test the objectives, due to its capacity to produce appropriate standard error estimates with very insignificant loss of efficiency. The empirical findings, among others suggested that, all forms of investments included in the model, significantly influenced the economic performance of countries in the CEMAC sub-region. Specifically, the results showed that educational expenditure and gross physical capital formation positively influence economic performance in the CEMAC zone. Intriguingly, public and private health expenditures negatively influence economic performance in the said zone. The policy implications of these findings suggest that, emphasis should be laid on increasing investment on government's educational expenditure and gross physical capital formation in the CEMAC zone, if economic performance must be revived. Contribution/Originality:This study uses panel corrected standard errors approach, to scrutinize the causal relationship between the CEMAC economic performance and variables like educational expenditure, gross physical capital formation and public and private health expenditures. INTRODUCTIONWith the incessant depreciation of physical capital investment, human capital investments are gaining ground in the modern-day economics literature. According to Edielle (2005) investment in human capital has not been of any importance before the 1960s as people were considered as machines. Previously to this date, the concept of capital was limited only to physical capital while expenditures on health and education were regarded as consumption and not investments. In this light, several researchers became bothered as this old-fashioned approach could not explain the rapid economic growth rate observed in most developed countries in the likeness of USA.

This paper has made an attempt to analyse the effect of trade and foreign direct investment inflow on the incidence of child labour by using a panel of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. We specifically, empirically examined, first, the often-cited conventional wisdom that an increase in trade will permit Less Developed Countries (LDC) through the income effect to reduce poverty driven child labour and secondly, the concern that multinational enterprises could cut costs to gain competitiveness by increasing the incidence of child labour. The interesting result that emerges from this analysis is that, for SSA countries, trade (which is generally based on agricultural products) expose children to child labour. To be more precise, an increase in trade by 5% point increases child labour by 10% point. We surprisingly find out that Foreign Direct Investment inflow has an insignificant effect on the incidence of child labour. If the positive linkage between child labour and commercial openness for SSA countries is accepted, the inclusion of labour standard especially those concerning child labour, in the rules and mandate of the WTO is not appropriate, this being because it may reduce commercial trade for SSA countries and hence the objective of encouraging trade by the WTO may not be attained. Such a result might suggest why the WTO keeps on rejecting the proposal to include labour standard in it framework despite the incessant pressure mounted by the UE countries.

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Introduction: Five people die every minute, 75 people every 15minutes and 7.671 persons each day from obesity-related complications in the world (WHO, 2014). Overweight and obesity are the fifth leading risks for global deaths (WHO, 2014).  In June 2013, the American Medical Association recognized obesity as a disease (WHO, 2014. In Cameroon, the obesity figures stood at 9.6% second in CEMAC after Gabon which was 15% in 2014 (WHO 2014). In addition, 44% of the diabetes burden, 23% of the hypertension burden and between 7% and 41% of certain cancer burdens and 60% of Cardiovascular Disease in Cameroon were attributable to overweight and obesity in that same year (WHO, 2014).Purpose: This study purports to calculate the obesity QALY and ACUR and to scrutinize the effect of obesity on mobility index and age at death in the North West region of Cameroon.Methodology: To calculate the QALY and ACUR, data was collected secondary source making up 149 individuals aged 50 and above who died in the Bamenda general hospital from obesity related illnesses between 2016 and 2018. To generate the mobility index, we issued and corrected the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire for testing quality of life to238 individuals in the Bamenda Municipality. To ensure the reliability of the instrument, Pre-tests were conducted. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the calculation of QALY.Findings: The Average cost utility ratios’ (ACURs) show that obesity treatment in the Bamenda Municipality will result in a 0.275 QALYs gained and monthly ACURs of $3,578.18/QALY. It also shows that obesity significantly and negatively influences mobility index and age at death. We thus conclude that obesity incurred major economic cost.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Policy wise, the “2M (Mentality and Motivation) concept” of obesity treatment is recommended as major contributions to theory, practice and policy. This will lead to a change in the perception and motivation toward treating obesity.