RESUMO:Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito combinado de duas unidades de tratamento na remoção de nitrogênio total Kjeldahl (NTK) e fósforo total (PT). As unidades avaliadas receberam alimentação contínua, sendo um reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo e fluxo ascendente tipo RAFA, com volume útil de 96 L, seguido de um sistema alagado construído (SAC) As eficiências de remoção de NTK e PT no sistema como um todo foram de, aproximadamente, 35%, não havendo diferença significativa entre as fases. Porém, em termos de COV removida, houve maior remoção com o aumento da carga aplicada. As características apresentadas pelo efluente do sistema nas diferentes fases não alcançaram os padrões ambientais para lançamento em cursos de água no Estado de Minas Gerais, dentre as variáveis avaliadas, mas seu potencial nutricional deve ser utilizado para produção agrícola. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:carga orgânica, nutrientes, taxa de aplicação superficial, tratamento biológico, wetlands. COMBINED UNITS FOR SWINE WASTEWATER TREATMENT -PART II NUTRIENTSABSTRACT: In this study, we assessed the combined effect of two treatment units on removal of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP). Continuous feeding was provided to the units which consisted of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor with a working volume of 96 L and a constructed wetland system (WS) with a capacity of 237 L. The experiment was performed in three phases with variation in hydraulic retention time (HRT). UASB reactor had a HRT of 59, 19.5 and 5 hours; and for the WSs, HRTs were 146, 48 and 13 hours. Volumetric organic loading rates (VOLR) applied to the reactor were 1.2, 1.3 and 13.0 kg.m -3 d -1 of COD. Surface application rates (SAR) in the WS were 120, 130 and 464 kg ha -1 d -1 of TKN, and 13, 51 and 240 kg ha -1 d -1 of TP. Removal efficiency of TKN and TP reached approximately 35% for the entire system with no significant differences among phases. However, such removal rates achieved higher values with increasing loads. Regarding the evaluated variables, we concluded that the effluent generated by the combined system at all phases did not reach the environmental standards proposed by the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil) to be released into water bodies. On the other hand, this waste has a great nutritional potential that should be used to enhance agricultural production.
RESUMO: Na pecuária brasileira, tem-se destacado a suinocultura, cuja produção de carne foi apontada como a terceira maior do mundo, e como contrapartida os sistemas produtivos são, potencialmente, poluidores do ambiente. Os sistemas anaeróbios têm sido utilizados para tratamento de água residuária suinícola, necessitando de complementação para diminuir as cargas de nutrientes e reúso agrícola. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito combinado de duas unidades de tratamento na remoção de matéria orgânica, na forma de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), sendo um reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo e fluxo ascendente tipo RAFA com volume útil de 96 L, seguido de um sistema alagado construído (SAC) com capacidade para 237 L. O experimento foi conduzido em três fases, variando-se o tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) no reator anaeróbio, de 59 h, 19,5 h e 5 h, e no SAC, 146 h, 48 h e 13 h, respectivamente, nas fases 1, 2 e 3. A carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) aplicada foi de 1,2; 1,3 e 13,0 kg m -3 d -1 de DQO, e as taxas de aplicação superficial (TAS) no SAC foram de 850; 656 e 6335 kg ha -1 d -1 de DQO. As unidades combinadas removeram 0,07; 0,07 e 0,96 kg d -1 de DQO total e 0,03; 0,07 e 0,14 kg d -1 de DQO solúvel. As características apresentadas pelo efluente do sistema, nas diferentes fases, não alcançaram os padrões ambientais para lançamento em cursos de água, dentre as variáveis avaliadas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:carga orgânica, Cynodon ssp, taxa de aplicação superficial, tratamento biológico, sistemas wetlands. COMBINED UNITS FOR SWINE WASTEWATER TREATMENT -PART I REMOVED ORGANIC LOADABSTRACT: Pig farming has excelled in Brazilian livestock whose meat production has been considered the third largest in the world. Conversely, these production systems have great environmental polluting potential. In addition, anaerobic systems have been used for swine wastewater treatment, requiring complementation to reduce loads of nutrients and for further agricultural reuse. This paper evaluated the combined effect of two treatment units in removing organic matter in the form of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The combined units consisted of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UAS B) reactor with working volume of 96 L, followed by a constructed wetland system (CWS) with a capacity of 237 L. The experiment was conducted at three stages of hydraulic retention time (HRT) variation. The HRT was of 59, 19.5, and 5 hours for the UASB, and of 146, 48, and 13 hours for the CWS. The volumetric organic loading rates (VOLRs) were 1.2, 1.3, and 13.0 kg.m -3 d -1 of COD in the USBAR. The surface application rates (SAR) in the CWS were 850, 656, and 6335 kg.ha -1 .d -1 of COD. The associated units removed 0.07, 0.07, and 0.96 kg.d -1 of total COD, as well as 0.03, 0.07 and 0.14 kg.d -1 of soluble COD. The final effluent characteristics did not reach environmental standards for being released into water bodies in any of the stages; however, its nutritional potential should be considered for use in agricultural production.
Os sistemas alagados construídos (SACs) têm sido utilizados para tratamentos de efluentes, principalmente como unidades terciárias. Apresentam moderado custo de instalação e considerável remoção de nutrientes e a vegetação que o compõem pode ser aproveitada para fins de alimentação animal. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o desempenho do capim-tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) no tratamento de água residuária de suinocultura. O experimento foi conduzido durante 131 dias, em três fases. As taxas de aplicação chegaram a 6.335, 464, e 240 kg ha-1 d-1 de DQO, NTK e PT, respectivamente. A cada corte, foram quantificadas massas verde e seca, os teores de nitrogênio, fósforo e proteína bruta. Conclui-se que houve aumento nas concentrações de proteína bruta, NTK e PT no tecido do capim-tifton 85 com o aumento da taxa de aplicação superficial de nutrientes, mas a produtividade de matéria seca reduziu na terceira fase, provavelmente, por fatores como diminuição da temperatura ambiente e excesso de sólidos retidos no SAC. Elevadas taxas orgânicas de aplicação limitaram o desenvolvimento do capim-tifton 85 em termos de matéria seca.
This study evaluated the efficiency of a constructed wetland system (CWS) in removing total coliforms (TC) and thermotolerant coliforms (ThC) of swine wastewater, as a complementary treatment to an anaerobic system. At Stage 1, the experimental system was combined using a vertical flow constructed wetland system (VFCWS) cultivated with Tifton 85 grass in series with a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system (HFCWS1) cultivated with Taboa. In HFCWS1, the hydraulic detention times (HDT) were 4.7, 3.1 and 2.3 days and the surface application rates (SAR) were 294, 319 and 397 kg ha-1 d-1 of COD, in Phases I, II and III, respectively. At Stage 2, the experimental system was combined using a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system (HFCWS2) cultivated with Tifton 85 grass, HDT were 6.1, 2.0 and 0.5 days and the SAR were 850, 656 and 6.34 kg ha-1 d-1 of COD, in Phases I, II and III, respectively. In Stage 1, it was verified that the VFCWS was more efficient in coliform removal when compared to HFCWS1. When only HFCWS were compared, coliform removal in Stage 1 was between 1 and 2 log units in HFCWS1. In the stage 2, the HFCWS2 was more limited, with the highest removal efficiencies during Phase I of 1.6 and 0.8 log units for TC and ThC, respectively. In general, the association resulted in efficiencies that ranged from 96.4 to 99.0% for TC, 94.2 and 97.6% for ThC, equivalent to the average removal of 1.2 to 2 log units, considered satisfactory.
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