A refugium is generally understood as an area where temperate species survive cold periods, such as the Iberian, Italian, or Balkan Peninsulas in Europe. Strictly speaking, this definition refers to what is known as a glacial refugium. However, there are various types of lesser-known refugia such as the interglacial refugium, which denotes a mountainous region at low latitudes, such as the Pyrenees, where species adapted to the cold survive during interstadial periods. The small-vertebrate association from the sequence of Cova Colomera, which is located on the southern face of the Pyrenees and contains the final cold spell of the Late Pleistocene and the beginnings of the temperate period in which we currently find ourselves (the Holocene), could constitute the first fossil evidence of such an interglacial refugium, thus providing new paleoecological data on the phenomenon.

Aqueous extraction of cystocarpic, tetrasporic, and vegetative individuals of Mazzaella laminariodes collected in the Magellan Ecoregion, Southern Chile, afforded sulfated galactans. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy indicated that purified extracts from cystocarpic (CP) and vegetative individuals (VP) were mixtures of κ/ι-type carrageenans and their precursors μ-and ν-carrageenans, whereas the aqueous extract from tetrasporic individuals was a λ-type carrageenan. Alkaline treatment of CP and VP polysaccharides produced modified polysaccharides with lower content of sulfate groups and with a concomitant increase of 3,6-anhydrogalactose content; analysis by 2D 1 H and 13 C NMR indicated the presence of hybrid κ-ι-carrageenans. Copolymerization of alkalitreated CP carrageenan with acrylamide was achieved by using ceric ammonium nitrate as the initiator; studies by NMR spectroscopy indicated grafting of polyacrylamide at position C-6 of β-galactopyranosyl residues. Reaction of modified CP with acrylamide assisted by microwave irradiation in the presence of ammonium persulfate afforded a copolymer grafted at position C-2 of β-galactopyranosyl residues.

No abstract

No abstract

RESUMENEn este trabajo se presentan los datos radiocarbónicos y de las cerámicas decoradas de numerosos yacimientos del NE Peninsular pertenecientes al Neolítico antiguo (c.5600-4900). Mediante el análisis de los dos registros, se han podido detectar características culturales independientes en diferentes territorios de esta región. Después de una primera ocupación de poca entidad, probablemente relacionada con el Neolítico Impressa, se pasa a una primera oleada de poblaciones cardiales. Éstas se distribuyen por diferentes ámbitos geográficos litorales y prelitorales y ya presentan diferencias en sus producciones cerámicas. Durante una fase evolucionada (a partir de c. 5300 cal BC), los territorios diversifican sus producciones cerámicas aún más en los territorios litorales y prelitorales. Sin embargo, las nuevas zonas ocupadas presentan registros donde se mezclan los componentes cardiales y los epicardiales, sobretodo en la región de Segre-Pirineos. Estos datos reflejan por un lado una rápida distribución por todo el territorio durante la neolitización, pero también un carácter particular entre diferentes comunidades neolíticas, lejos de una visión homogénea del proceso. LABURPENALan honetan, penintsularen ipar-ekialdeko aztarnategi askotan aurkitutako Neolito zaharreko (c. 5600-400) datu erradiokarbonikoak eta zeramika apainduenak aurkeztu ditugu. Bi erregistroak aztertuta eremu horretako lurralde batzuetako eta besteetako ezaugarri kultural independenteak detektatu ahal izan dira. Seguru asko Neolito Inprimatuarekin lotutako garrantzi txikiko lehen okupazioaren ondoren, lehen populazio kardialen olatua iritsi zen. Itsasertzeko eta itsasertz aurreko zenbait gune geografikotan banatuta daude eta aldeak daude zeramikazko ekoizpen-lanetan. Fase eboluzionatuan (c. 5300 cal BC-tik aurrera), lurraldeek are gehiago dibertsifikatu zituzten zeramikazko ekoizpen-lanak itsasertzeko eta itsasertz aurreko lurraldeetan. Hala ere, okupatutako eremu berrietan erregistroak daude eta horietan nahasi egiten dira osagai kardialak eta epikardialak, batez ere Segre-Pirinioak eskualdean. Datu horiek erakusten dute, batetik, neolitizazioan azkarra izan zela banaketa lurralde osoan, eta horrez gain, komunitate neolitikoen artean, prozesuaren ikuspegi homogenoa izatetik urrun, izaera partikularra zegoela. ABSTRACTIn this paper we present the radiocarbon and decorated pottery data from a several sites of NE Iberia, belonging to Eary Neolithic (5600-4900 cal BC). In a first step, we have worked with radiocarbon data available. Initially, a quality filter have been applied to reach a 53 optimal-quality dates. Through Cluster (Euclidean), Sum of Probabilities and Bayesian analyzes, four chronological phases have been stabblished. In a second step, pottery analyzes has carried out on 21 sites, located on 8 different regions.The four chronological phases (Phase 0 c. 5620-5470 cal BC; Phase 1 c. 5480-5320 cal BC; Phase 2, c. 5350-5010 cal BC; Phase 3, 5050-4800 cal BC) do not correspond clearly with the characteristics of decorated potteries....

No abstract

The microstratigraphic study of the Cova Colomera (Sant Esteve de la Sarga, Lleida, Spain) confirms that there are several discontinuous ovicaprid stabling episodes in the Late Cardial Neolithic sequence (c. 5250–4780 cal BC). There are episodes with and without combustion traces. From the burnt episodes, it has been possible to identify bedding and fodder due to their good preservation and abundance in the X-32 sector, specifically the level CE14. The main constituents are grassy remains and to a lesser extent, conifer twigs and needles, beech twigs, and box leaves. These data give an idea about the landscape near the cavity. From the nonburnt episodes, we emphasize the sector W-31, specifically the top of level CE13, in which bedding and fodder appear in a smaller quantity. Its components are also well preserved, with an emphasis on sheep/goat excrements in which it has been possible to identify part of their diet composed of leaves and culms of grasses (Poaceae). From these episodes and their components, we propose that Cova Colomera had different uses as a pen of a small size herd. In some episodes, the herd was more permanent in the cave, and therefore, more waste was generated, so burning was required; and in other episodes, occupation was more sporadic and the burning of waste was not so necessary. In short, Cova Colomera allows us to propose that the study of pastoral activities in caves and rockshelters is more complex than previous studies have shown and that it is necessary to analyze these records with high-resolution techniques to broaden the knowledge of these first livestock communities.

dos en las pautas funerarias y en la cultura material de los grupos humanos, especialmente en los ajuares y lugares de enterramiento. Durante el Neolítico medio-reciente son típicas las inhumaciones primarias individuales en fosas con ajuares de cuentas de variscita, sílex melado, vasos cerámi-cos y puntualmente obsidiana. Por el contrario, durante el Neolítico final se generalizan las inhumaciones colectivas y sucesivas en cuevas y abrigos con ajuares que se caracterizan por la gran disminución de la variscita, sustituida por una gran variedad de colgantes y cuentas en piedra, concha y hueso. Ahora también aparecen las grandes láminas y los puñales de sílex, en ocasiones de procedencia extrapeninsular. La Cova de l'Avi representa en la actualidad el yacimiento cronológicamente más antiguo (c. 4700 BP) en el que se documentan estos nuevos comportamientos funerarios. ABSTRACT 4 5