Abstract:In the three-year experiment (2006)(2007)(2008) the impact of three different spring cereals (wheat, barley, oat) and their two-and three-component mixtures were tested. The studies were carried out at two sites. The impact of mixtures on disease reduction, pests occurrence and yield height compared with pure stands were evaluated. Observations on powdery mildew occurrence during the vegetation season were done every 7-10 days. In order to compare the disease occurrence levels on different cultivars in pure stands and on their mixtures the Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) was evaluated. Based on the AUDPC values, the reduction of powdery mildew occurring in the mixtures due to epidemiological and ecological factors functioning in mixed stands were also evaluated.The occurrence of these pests: Aphidodea, Oulema spp., Agromyzidae, in spring cereals was evaluated twice in the vegetation season.Based on the obtained results, it can be stated that winter barley cultivar mixtures do reduce the powdery mildew incidence and pest occurrence compared to pure stands. Also from the results, it can be stated that winter barley cultivar mixtures can constitute an alternative way of growing winter barley, especially in low-input and ecological agriculture.The aim of the studies was to evaluate the yield through growing spring cereal mixtures. Positive effects (up to 8 dt/ha yield increase in mixtures compared to pure stands) were observed.On the base of obtained results it can be stated that spring cereal mixtures can constitute an alternative way of growing, especially in low-input and ecological agriculture.
We determined some biochemical properties of Oulema melanopus larval gut proteases. We found adult midgut enzyme preparations yielded results similar to whole-larval preparations, permitting studies of the very small whole-larval preparations. Protein preparations were analyzed using FITC-casein as a substrate. Acidic pH is optimal for proteolytic activity (range 3.0-4.0). Cysteine protease activity increased at acidic pH and in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol. Protease activities at all pH values were maximal at 45°C. Enzyme activity in larval preparations was inhibited by addition of Fe(2+) , Ca(2+) , Mg(2+) , Zn(2+) , and K(+) (10 mM). Fe(2+) and Zn(2+) significantly decreased enzyme activity at all pH values, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) at pH 6.2 and Mg(2+) at pH 4.0. Inhibitors, including pepstatin A, showed the greatest inhibition at pH 4.0; phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, N-p-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone at pH 6.2; and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, Nα -tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride, N-p-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, trans-epoxysuccinyl-l-leucylamido-(4-guanidino) butane at pH of 7.6. Inhibition assays indicated that cysteine, aspartyl (cathepsin D), serine (trypsin, chymotrypsin-like) proteases and metalloproteases act in cereal leaf beetle digestion.
Long-term research on the intensification of economically significant pests in rape cultivation has been conducted by the Plant Protection Institute -National Research Institute (PPI -NRI) Poznań, Poland. This research has allowed for a determination of
The paper presents harmfulness estimation of the most important diseases and pests occurring in main agricultural and horticultural crops in Poland in 2013. Presented data are based on the results of field observations provided by the Plant Health and Seed Inspection Service Inspectors. In 2013 the increase of agrophages' occurrence was recorded for the following species: Blumeria graminis (DC.
The study included the annual monitoring of agrophages based on their development stages at different places in the country. A date of chemical treatment was recommended based of field observations with taking into account economical aspect. The results were distributed through the information service "Agrophages signalization" at the Institute of Plant Protection-National Research Institute web page to producers and advisors. Based on the results, it can be concluded that agrophages monitoring with a focus on disease occurrence and severity or pest incidence at a particular growth stage recommended for a control, should be performed at a specific localization (changes in microclimates between places) and every year (climate changes).
W ramach Porejestrowego Doświadczalnictwa Odmianowego w Wielkopolsce podjęto próbę analizy interakcji odmian pszenżyta ozimego z warunkami glebowo-klimatycznymi dla plonu oraz masy tysiąca ziaren. Materiałem badawczym były odmiany przyjęte do doświadczeń w latach 2008–2010. Doświadczenia polowe z badanymi odmianami zostały założone w siedmiu miejscowościach (Kościelna Wieś, Nowa Wieś Ujska, Winna Góra, Choryń, Borowo, Bobrowniki, Śrem) na dwóch poziomach agrotechniki — standardowym (a1) i intensywnym (a2). Do analizy interakcji genotypowo-środowiskowej wybrano 10 odmian, które powtarzały się we wszystkich latach badań. Wyniki z poszczególnych lat i miejscowości poddano obliczeniom statystycznym dla serii doświadczeń odmianowych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono istotne zróżnico¬wanie plonu oraz masy tysiąca ziaren odmian pszenżyta ozimego, zróżnicowanie lat, miejscowości oraz istotną interakcję genotypowo-środowiskowa na obydwu poziomach agrotechniki. Zarówno w standardowych, jak i intensywnych warunkach agrotechniki, najwyżej plonującą była odmiana Algoso.
Źródłem informacji, na podstawie których ocenia się stan fitosanitarny roślin uprawnych w Polsce jest monitorowanie nasilenia występowania agrofagów. Ogólnokrajowy monitoring gospodarczo ważnych agrofagów oparty jest na współpracy Instytutu Ochrony Roślin – Państwowego Instytutu Badawczego (IOR – PIB) w Poznaniu z wojewódzkimi inspektoratami Państwowej Inspekcji Ochrony Roślin i Nasiennictwa. Współpraca polega na prowadzeniu, jednolicie według metodyk opracowanych w IOR – PIB, obserwacji agrofagów, w wyniku których uzyskiwane są dane o nasileniu ich występowania na przestrzeni lat. Informacje te gromadzone są w Zakładzie Metod Prognozowania Agrofagów i Ekonomiki Ochrony Roślin IOR – PIB i na ich podstawie przedstawiany jest obraz zmian dotyczących nasilenia występowania, rejonizacji i rozprzestrzeniania się chorób i szkodników roślin uprawnych. W ostatnich pięciu latach głównymi chorobami pochodzenia grzybowego obserwowanymi w uprawach zbóż były: mączniak prawdziwy zbóż i traw – Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer., rdza brunatna pszenicy – Puccinia recondita Rob. Ex Desm f. sp. tritici (Eriks.) Johnson, septorioza plew pszenicy – Phaeosphaeria nodorum (E. Müller) Hedjaroude (syn. Stagonospora nodorum (Berg.) Castellani et Germano, łamliwość źdźbła zbóż i traw – Oculimacula yallundae (Wollwork, Spooner) Crous, Gams, oraz zgorzel podstawy źdźbła – Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx et Olvier.
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