As far as we are aware this is the first description of the mucus tear-film layer in neonates. The greater tear-film stability in neonates has been so far attributed to a thicker lipid layer. In our study, we show that a concomitant increase in MUC5AC protein expression in tears is present and may contribute to this greater stability; therefore, both mucus and lipid layer should be considered while evaluating tear film stability in neonates.

Aim: To review knowledge about the role, indications and nutritional adequacy of protein hydrolysate formulas (HF) in the preterm newborn. Methods: A review of the available literature was carried out. Results: No data support the use of HF for atopy prevention. HF could have a positive role in the early feeding of very‐low‐birthweight infants, but several concerns exist about their nutritional adequacy. Conclusion: Further investigations addressing protein and mineral metabolism as well as long‐term effects, including neurodevelopment, are needed.

The majority of neonates with Rh-isoimmunization develops late anemia between the second and the sixth week of life. We report the effectiveness of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) in preventing late anemia in 25 intrauterine and nonintrauterine-transfused neonates. The neonates were treated from 11+/-4 days after birth to 26+/-14 days (400 U/kg/d of rHuEpo, administered subcutaneously). During rHuEpo therapy, vitamin E, calcium folinate, and iron maltose were administered intramuscularly on a daily basis. Hematocrit, platelet, and neutrophil counts did not differ significantly before and after 21-days therapy. However, average values for reticulocyte showed a significant increase. The hematocrit values in the non-intrauterine transfusion (IUT) group increased progressively from the beginning to the end of the treatment, whereas that in the IUT group remained stable. Reticulocyte count increased during treatment in both groups, but it was significantly elevated in the non-IUT group only. Moreover, we observed that only neonates transfused with IUTs needed transfusions before and after treatment. This study suggests the effectiveness of rHuEpo therapy in the treatment of neonates with Rh-isoimmunization and it highlights how IUTs decrease the neonatal response efficacy. Larger, better if multicentric, randomized controlled trial are needed to definitely state whether rHuEPO safely decreases the incidence of late onset anemia.

Further investigations addressing protein and mineral metabolism as well as long-term effects, including neurodevelopment, are needed.

We describe an unusual case of a 21-month-old boy with complete separation of the testis and epididymis. Two homogeneous structures were observed in the scrotum of a newborn boy in addition to a third structure. Polyorchidism was suspected, but follow-up sonographic studies showed a decrease in the echogenicity of the left scrotal structure. Surgical exploration revealed the testis and epididymis to be completely separated, with no duplicated testis. Orchidopexy was then performed.