Electronic and optical properties of silicon nanocrystals are calculated and discussed within a semiempirical tight-binding approach, which allows to study systems composed of thousands of atoms. Oscillator strengths, frequency-dependent optical absorption cross sections, and static dielectric constants are investigated for both spherical and ellipsoidal nanocrystals, with the aim of pointing out their size- and shape-dependent features. We show that the anisotropy of the optical functions follows the nanocrystal shape, and a comparison is discussed between very elongated structures and quantum wires

We show that the optical and electronic properties of nanocrystalline silicon can be efficiently tuned using impurity doping. In particular, we give evidence, by means of ab initio calculations, that by properly controlling the doping with either one or two atomic species, a significant modification of both the absorption and the emission of light can be achieved. We have considered impurities, either boron or phosphorous (doping) or both (codoping), located at different substitutional sites of silicon nanocrystals with size ranging from 1.1 to 1.8 nm in diameter. We have found that the codoped nanocrystals have the lowest impurity formation energies when the two impurities occupy nearest neighbor sites near the surface. In addition, such systems present band-edge states localized on the impurities, giving rise to a redshift of the absorption thresholds with respect to that of undoped nanocrystals. Our detailed theoretical analysis shows that the creation of an electron-hole pair due to light absorption determines a geometry distortion that, in turn, results in a Stokes shift between adsorption and emission spectra. In order to give a deeper insight into this effect, in one case we have calculated the absorption and emission spectra beyond the single-particle approach, showing the important role played by many-body effects. The entire set of results we have collected in this work give a strong indication that with the doping it is possible to tune the optical properties of silicon nanocrystals

A new formulation of time-dependent density functional tight binding (TD-DFTB) is reported in this paper. It is derived from the application of the linear response theory to the ground state DFTB Hamiltonian, without the introduction of additional parameters for the description of the excited states. The method is validated for several sets of organic compounds, against the best theoretical estimates from the literature, density functional theory, semiempirical methods, and experimental data. The comparison shows that TD-DFTB gives reliable results both for singlet and triplet excitation energies. In addition, the application of TD-DFTB to open-shell systems shows promising results.

The effects of B and P codoping on the impurity formation energies and electronic properties of Si nanocrystals (Si-nc) are calculated by a first-principles method. We show that, if carriers in the Si-nc are perfectly compensated by simultaneous doping with n- and p-type impurities, the Si-nc undergo a minor structural distortion around the impurities and that the formation energies are always smaller than those for the corresponding single-doped cases. The band gap of the codoped Si-nc is strongly reduced with respect to the gap of the pure ones showing the possibility of an impurity based engineering of the photoluminescence properties of Si-nc

We use hybrid functionals and restricted self-consistent GW, state-of-the-art theoretical approaches for quasiparticle band structures, to study the electronic states of delafossite Cu(Al,In)O2, the first p-type and bipolar transparent conductive oxides. We show that a self-consistent GW approximation gives remarkably wider band gaps than all the other approaches used so far. Accounting for polaronic effects in the GW scheme we recover a very nice agreement with experiments. Furthermore, the modifications with respect to the Kohn-Sham bands are strongly k dependent, which makes questionable the common practice of using a scissor operator. Finally, our results support the view that the low energy structures found in optical experiments, and initially attributed to an indirect transition, are due to intrinsic defects in the samples.

We investigate the effects of constraining the motion of atoms in finite slabs used to simulate the rutile TiO2 (110) surface in first-principles calculations. We show that an appropriate choice of fixing atoms in a slab eliminates spurious effects due to the finite size of the slabs, leading to a considerable improvement in the simulation of the (110) surface. The method thus allows for a systematic improvement in convergence in calculating both geometrical and electronic properties. The advantages of this approach are illustrated by presenting the first theoretical results on the displacement of the surface atoms in agreement with experiment.

An integrated computational approach built on quantum mechanical (QM) methods, purposely tailored inter-and intra-molecular force fields and continuum solvent models combined with time-independent and timedependent schemes to account for nuclear motion effects is applied to the spectroscopic investigation of pyrimidine in the gas phase as well as in aqueous and CCl 4 solutions. Accurate post-Hartree-Fock methodologies are employed to compute molecular structure, harmonic vibrational frequencies, energies and oscillator strengths for electronic transitions in order to validate the accuracy of approaches rooted into density functional theory with emphasis also on hybrid QM/QM 0 models. Within the time-independent approaches, IR spectra are computed including anharmonicities through perturbative corrections while UV-vis line-shapes are simulated accounting for the vibrational structure; in both cases, the environmental effects are described by continuum models. The effects of conformational flexibility, including solvent dynamics, are described through time-dependent models based on purposely DFT-tailored force fields applied to molecular dynamics simulations and on QM computations of spectroscopic properties. Such procedures are exploited to Dedicated to Professor Vincenzo Barone and published as part of the special collection of articles celebrating his 60th birthday.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (simulate IR and UV-vis spectra of pyrimidine in the gas phase and in solutions, leading in all cases to good agreement with experimental observations and allowing to dissect different effects underlying spectral phenomena.

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