Trophoblast implantation and placentation allow the survival of the young embryo and its normal development inside the uterus. In order for these processes to function properly, the trophoblast has to undergo a series of characteristic changes that lead to its adhesion and invasion of the uterus. This is achieved, among other mechanisms, by inactivation of specific tumor suppressor genes, commonly by methylation of their promoters. Cell adhesion and tissue invasion are also characteristics of malignant tumors and patterns of methylation similar to that seen in trophoblast are found in various tumor types. Another important mechanism that aids trophoblast cells invasion is their transition from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype. Such a transition is also a common characteristic of invading malignant cells. Thus, studying tissue invasion and its control mechanisms can benefit the understanding of both the trophoblast and malignant cells behavior.

Abstract:The comparison of Czech and French agriculture results shows a higher intensity, productivity and profitability of French agriculture. There are just small differences in the effectiveness of the production. The Czech agricultural enterprises have been in economic distress for several years and only a low portion of them is able to modernize and increase reproduction. There is also highlighted the importance of the EU Common Agricultural Policy for the development and stabilization of French agriculture.Key words: Czech and French agriculture, economic situation, gross output, net production, value added, economic result Abstrakt: Srovnání výsledkù èeského a francouzského zemìdìlství ukazuje na vyí intenzitu, produktivitu i rentabilitu francouzského zemìdìlství. Výrobní efektivnost vykazuje mezi ÈR a Francií malé rozdíly. Zemìdìlské podniky ÈR jsou ji øadu let v ekonomických potíích a jen malá èást jich je schopna modernizace a rozíøení reprodukce. Je poukázáno také na význam spoleèné zemìdìlské politiky EU pro rozvoj a stabilizaci francouzského zemìdìlství.Klíèová slova: èeské a francouzské zemìdìlství, ekonomická situace, hrubý výnos hospodaøení, èistá produkce, pøidaná hodnota, výsledek hospodaøení