This paper presents a modified structure based on Cascaded Integrator Comb (CIC) filters and polynomial interpolation to perform arbitrary sample rate alterations. Incorporating CIC compensation filter within the polynomial interpolator has obviated programmable filter typically used in the process. It has also been shown that a maximum passband ripple of 05dB is attainable with comparatively fewer computations. The ensuing design leads to an efficient realization both in terms of computational complexity and hardware utilization. This architecture is especially useful in the digital IF stage of emerging multi-standard wireless transceivers where fractional sample rate conversion with large relatively prime factors is required. Proposed solution has been tested by implementing it in a software radio simulation model supporting three commercial wireless communication standards, namely GSM, IS-95 and UMTS.
The European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) is the concept by which Europe is moving towards the standardisation of its rail signal control systems. Standardisation focuses on interfaces necessary for interoperability between trainborne and trackside equipment. ERTMS represents a step change for many railways', the vast majority of which are signalled with colour light signals and basic warning systems. ERTMS is specified in a number of different levels, and dependant on the implementation can introduce the benefits of cabsignalling, automatic train protection and future moving block train separation. This paper examines the capabilities and limitations of an ETCS/ERTMS level 2 implementation as specified by the current Technical Specifications for Interoperability for use in high density network locations and the suitability of ETCS/ERTMS to support the integration of an Automatic Train Operation (ATO) overlay. A generic sample section has been developed to analyse the headway constraints within the current ERTMS solution. The conclusions from the study suggest that there are no fundamental constraints preventing a level 2 implementation supporting an operational headway of 24 Trains Per Hour with recovery margin. The use of ATO for a high density application will offer an improved headway performance but will require a level of development and enhancement to the ERTMS functionality and architecture to correctly implement some ATO functionality. A further potential constraint is the capacity of the GSM-R radio communication network. This limitation can be removed by the envisaged migration to packet mode (GPRS) data transmission.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.