West Nile virus (WNV) was probably introduced in southern and northern Mexico from the USA in two independent events. Since then, WNV activity has been reported in several Mexican states bordering the USA and the Gulf of Mexico, but disease manifestations seen there in humans and equids are quite different to those observed in the USA. We have analysed WNV seroprevalence in asymptomatic, unvaccinated equids from two Mexican states where no data had been previously recorded. WNV IgG antibodies were detected in 31.6% (91/288) of equine sera from Chiapas and Puebla states (53.3% and 8.0%, respectively). Analysis by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) showed good specificity (99.4%) and sensitivity (84.9%) with the ELISA results. Further analyses to detect antibodies against three different flaviviruses (WNV, St Louis encephalitis virus, Ilheus virus) by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests on a subset of 138 samples showed that 53% of the 83 HI-positive samples showed specific reaction to WNV. These data suggest continuous expansion of WNV through Mexico.
predictors of non-conventional laparoscopic approach to leiomyoma hysterectomy. Our findings suggest that there is a differential access to LH procedures among the US population which may be, in part, a result of racial and socioeconomic differences and centralization of laparoscopy services in urban areas.
To identify the characteristics and risk factors of malnourished children age ≤ 24 months. Methods: A case-control study was conducted at two clinics in Cartagena, Colombia. WHO reference populations for weight-for-height and height-for-age Z-scores were utilized to determine acute and chronic malnutrition. Cases are children with mild, moderate, or severe malnutrition, determined by a Z-score < -1SD; controls are children with Z-scores between -1SD and +2SD. Cases were recruited between August 2014 and October 2015. Chart review and in-person questionnaires were used to gather information on the child's age, height, weight, birth weight and gestational age, maternal characteristics, socioeconomic factors, and household characteristics. Odds Ratios with 95% CI were estimated. Results: Of the total 481 children recruited, 71% had malnutrition, 53% are male and have a median age of 10.93 (SD± 6.57) months, 86% pertain to socioeconomic stratum
To identify associated factors to the control of blood pressure (BP), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and glycated hemoglobin (hba1c) in a low-income population from the Caribbean region of Colombia, enrolled in "De todo corazón -DTC" program between 2013-2018
in both sexes. In our analysis we used descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test. Results: In 1990, standardized mortality in men 45-59 was the highest in fSU (n=15) 358.69/100,000, the lowest rate was found in WE (n=17) 143.67/100,000. It significantly decreased to 244.99/100,000 (-31.70%, n=11) and 50.29/100,000 (-65.00%, n=15) by 2014 respectively (p,0.05). In 1990, standardized mortality in women 45-59 was the highest in fSU (n=15) 99.78/100,000, the lowest rate was found in WE (n=17) 29.06/100,000. It significantly decreased to 56.26/100,000 (-43.61%, n=11) and 9.89/100,000 (-65.97%, n=15) by 2014 respectively (p,0.05). Mortality also decreased significantly (p,0.001) among men (-49.41%) and women (-50.57%) in EE between 1990 and 2014. Conclusions: A significant decline was detected in standardized mortality of IHD in both sexes aged 45-59 between the assessed time period. The highest improvement was observed in Western-European countries.
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