Many coral reef-lined coasts are low-lying with elevations <4 m above mean sea level. Climate-change-driven sea-level rise, coral reef degradation, and changes in storm wave climate will lead to greater occurrence and impacts of wave-driven flooding. This poses a significant threat to their coastal communities. While greatly at risk, the complex hydrodynamics and bathymetry of reef-lined coasts make flood risk assessment and prediction costly and difficult. Here we use a large (>30,000) dataset of measured coral reef topobathymetric cross-shore profiles, statistics, machine learning, and numerical modeling to develop a set of representative cluster profiles (RCPs) that can be used to accurately represent the shoreline hydrodynamics of a large variety of coral reef-lined coasts around the globe. In two stages, the large dataset is reduced by clustering cross-shore profiles based on morphology and hydrodynamic response to typical wind and swell wave conditions. By representing a large variety of coral reef morphologies with a reduced number of RCPs, a computationally feasible number of numerical model simulations can be done to obtain wave runup estimates, including setup at the shoreline and swash separated into infragravity and sea-swell components, of the entire dataset. The predictive capability of the RCPs is tested against 5,000 profiles from the dataset. The wave runup is predicted with a mean error of 9.7-13.1%, depending on the number of cluster profiles used, ranging from 312 to 50. The RCPs identified here can be combined with probabilistic tools that can provide an enhanced prediction given a multivariate wave and water level climate and reef ecology state. Such a tool can be used for climate change impact assessments and studying the effectiveness of reef restoration projects, as well as for the provision of coastal flood predictions in a simplified (global) early warning system.
could be distinctly seen. When the arch got overhead sudden gusts were experienced. On one occasion he had ohserved the barometer fall as much as 0 1 inch in less than five minutes, and this was immediately followed by a great gust of wind which damaged part of the roof of the house. The storms continued to blow off the land for a considerable time. They usually came on in the afternoon or at night, and were accompanied by a good deal of lightning and plenty of rain. After the storm had passed the wind remained Easterly. The men of war stationed at Sierra Leone were accustomed to shorten all sail except the foretopmast staysail and run before the wind, vessels that did not shorten sail were in danger of being capsized.
TEYPERITURES AT ORONEBOURNE, 1880-89. 263 satisfy himself on this point he had a special thermometer constructed and buried in the soil, its bnlb being two feet below the surface, and compared its indications with those from a thermometer placed in an iron tube (the umal form of earth thermometer) a t a similar depth in the ground. The results of this comparison showed that the indications of the two instruments accorded very closely, the thermometer in contact with the soil reading about O " 5 lower in cold weather, and the difference becoming less in warmer weather. The comparative observations were carried on from February to May of the present ear, and were brought to an end through the breakage of the thermometer uried in the soil. Mr. J. Q. SYYONS said that the statement made by Dr. Mmcet was very satisfactory, as he (Mr. Symons) had always advocated the exposure of earth thermometers in iron tubes. A comparison between Mr. Moore's observations and the results of a series of 21 years' similar observations at Munich, published by Dr. E. Singer, showed that both agreed very well together, esd followed the known laws concerning the distribution of temperature below the earth's surface. 3jFogs reported with Strong Winds during t h e 15 years 1876-90 in the British Isles.
of bntterflies. The gulls mentioned by Mr. Scott aa being in the neighbourhood of London at the present time were the small gulls which were constantly seen inland. The large gulls came up the Thames in great numbers dwing the great frost.Mr. E. MAWLEY, in reply, said that it was often difficult to understand why certain plants, which had passed almost unixijured through one severe winter, should have been killed outright during another, in which the cold was neither as prolonged nor so intense. He, however, agreed with Mr. Southall in thinking that the difference in the condition of the planta themselves, at the time they were subjected to the action of severe frosts, would be found in most cases to have been the principal reason. As a remarkable instance of second fruiting, he mentioned having seen at a recent meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society a dish of green apples of fair size, which had been gathered early in Janunry last. The returns sent in showed that in some localities caterpillars and other insect pests had proved very destnictive. But taking the British Isles as a whole they were far less numerous than nsual. According to Miss Ormerod's Report there was no conspicuous outbreak of any class of farm pests during the year. No doubt the Winter Heliotrope, Twsilago (Petasites) fragrans, WRS very early flowering, but he did not consider that it ought to be included in the list of plants to be observed, for it was not a native British plant, and was only to be found here and there throughout the country. NOTES ON THE UNUSUALLY HIGH BAROMETER READINGS IN THE BRITISH ISLES-JANUARY 1696.HAVING received a request from our President to place on record in the pages of our Journal some notes of the remarkable anticyclone of the second week in January, when the isobar of 31.0 in. for the first time appeared on our Daily Weather Charts, I at once complied with his desire, and have further ventured in these notes t o allude also to the pressure a t the end of the month, when a reading of 30.96 in., only 0.04 in. below that of 31 in., was observed a t Roche's Point at 11 p.m. on the 29th. Two such phenomenal occasions in one month well deserve mention ! A peculiarity of these anticyclones was the circumstance that neither of them was associated with severe cold in these islands, though January is our coldest month. As will be seen from Fig. 1 there was on the morning of the 9th no temperature much below 38' at any station, except over one or two of the inland parts of Scotland. So hhat in this respect the same conditions prevailed as in the anticyclone of January 1888, of which an admirable account by Mr. H. Sowerby Wallis appears in the Quarterly Jmrn.al, vol. viii. p. 146.The interest about the two anticyclones now under notice is enhanced by the fact that both of them came on us in great measure from the Atlantic, and not from the continent of Europe. In the first case the highest r e a l n g s were registered in the north-west on the 9th, and in the second in the south-west on the 30th.
FOR the space of twenty-three pears none of my predecessors in this chair have dealt With the subject of the actual stntzis of meteorology, and it may therefore be of some interest if I attempt to give the Fellows, to the best of my humble ability, a rough conspectus of the present condition of the science in the different countries of the globe, and of the lines of inquiq which appear at the present epoch to be attracting most attention.There is no lack of literature, for besides occasional papers, many of high value, appearing in the annals and year-books of the sevcrd central offices, we have tho Journals of the five sister Societies, the French, Scottish, Austrian, Italian and German, naming them in order of age ; nnd at least six Journals, of repate, more or less exclusively devoted to Meteorology. Among these the first rmk is undoubtedly taken by the stately li!epmfo?z'imt of the Russian office, md the liriiima Meteorologicnl ~h m i r s . Then fonow the 1Montkly Meteorolopknl MagnAite, now in the sisteenth year of its vigorous existence, and the more recent ventures in a similar line, ciel st Tenv of Brussels, Dns JVtuer issued by Dr. A s s m w , of Magdeburg, and the very newest, the Aium'cctw Uetaornloyicnl Joiiirml. The two last of these periodicals only date from 1884. With all this wealth of literatnro there is one particular in which, in this country at least, our scicnee labours under a great disadvantage. So far as I am aware, no instruction is giveninit, and no lectwes on the subject form part of the C O U~S C of study nt my school or college, except at the strictly profes-NEW S$RIES.-VOL XS. L 1 In the Appendix to this Address (p. 153) I have given D list of all the Stations which niay be recognised ns Stations of the Second Order over the whole globe, with the authorities on which the names in most of tlie lists haw been inserted. There are many more stations in the list tbnn m e s h o w in tho Map.
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