E-64 [1-[N-[(L-3-trans-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)-L-leucyl] amino]-4-guanidinobutane] is an irreversible inhibitor of many cysteine proteases. A papain-E-64 complex was crystallized at pH 6.3 by using the hanging drop method. Three different crystal forms grew in 3-7 days; the form chosen for structure analysis has space group P212121, with a = 42.91(4) A, b = 102.02(6) A, c = 49.73(2) A, and Z = 4. Diffraction data were measured to 2.4-A resolution, giving 9367 unique reflections. The papain structure was solved by use of the molecular replacement method, and then the inhibitor was located from a difference electron density map and fitted with the aid of a PS330 computer graphics system. The structure of the complex was refined to R = 23.3%. Our analysis shows that a covalent link is formed between the sulfur of the active-site cysteine 25 and the C-2 atom of the inhibitor. Contrary to earlier predictions, the E-64 inhibitor clearly interacts with the S subsites on the enzyme rather than the S' subsites, and papain's histidine 159 imidazole group plays a binding rather than a catalytic role in the inactivation process.

Crystals of triphenylene are orthorhombic with four molecules in a unit cell of dimensions a = 13.17, b ---16-73, e = 5.26/~, space group P212121. The gross features of the structure, previously determined from two projections, have been confirmed using new three-dimensional data, the positional and isotropic thermal parameters of the carbon atoms have been refined by differential syntheses, and the hydrogen atoms have been located. There are small, but significant, deviations from a completely planar arrangement. These displacements are best described in terms of the plane of the central ring: atoms of two of the outer rings are displaced in one direction, and those of the third ring in the opposite direction from this plane. This slight molecular distortion is probably the result of intramolecular steric effects. The mean bond distances agree closely with the values predicted by valence-bond and molecular-orbital calculations. All the intermolecular separations correspond to normal van der Waals interactions.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the determinants of financial inclusion and the determinants of barriers to financial inclusion in India. Also, the purpose is to ascertain the determinants of informal financial activities in India. Design/methodology/approach The data have been collected from the Global Findex Database (Findex) 2017. Various measures of financial inclusion, namely, ownership formal accounts, use of accounts for saving and borrowing, ownership and use of the debit card are used. The independent variables used are: age, income, education and gender. Given the binary nature of dependent variables, this paper uses the Probit model to draw the inferences. Findings The results show that gender, age, education and income have a significant impact on the various measures of financial inclusion. Additionally, these factors have a significant impact on the informal saving and borrowing. Research limitations/implications The given study uses the deferent measures of financial inclusion. An index of financial inclusion created using all the financial inclusion measures would be a better indicator of financial inclusion. Practical implications The results of this study would be useful for policymakers to identify the determinants and barriers of financial inclusion in India. The results show that policymakers should focus on the female population, in particular, and education and income enhancing measures, in general, to make financial inclusion more inclusive. Originality/value The study is the first of its kind to analyze financial inclusion in India using the Findex. Unlike previous studies, variables such as education and income are constructed more pragmatically. In particular, the study tries to understand the socio-economic determinants of financial inclusion measured as ownership of formal accounts, formal saving, formal credit, ownership of debit cards and use of debit cards. The study also analyzes the determinants of barriers to financial inclusion, savings (formal and informal) and borrowing (formal and informal).

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The structure of codeine hydrobromide dihydrate has been refined with the use of complete threedimensional intensity data, and the absolute configuration of the codeine molecule has been established on the basis of the anomalous scattering of Cu Ka radiation by the bromine atom.

A three-dimensional analysis of a second crystalline form of acridine is described. Acridine II is monoclinie with a --16.292, b = 18.831, c = 6.072/~, fl = 95 ° 4', Z = 8 and space group P21/a. There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The structure has been determined by trial-and-error and refined by successive calculations of differential syntheses from the three-dimensional data. Termination-of-series errors have been corrected by Booth's back-shift method. Determination of the best mean isotropic temperature factors for each atom has shown that one of the molecules in the asymmetric unit is subject to more intense apparent thermal motion than the other. It has also been shown that the atomic thermal motion in each molecule is anisotropic and that it increases with the distance of an atom from its molecular centre. This anisotropic thermal motion, which arises from rigid-body vibrations and librations of the molecules, has not been allowed for in detail in the present refinement.The two molecules in the asymmetric unit exhibit significant and different departures from planarity, but at this stage of refinement there are no significant differences in bond lengths (r.m.s. deviation 0-011 /~). The weighted mean bond lengths (estimated standard deviation between 0.003 and 0.005/~) agree well with those observed in acridine III (r.m.s. deviation 0"008/~) and in anthracene (r.m.s. deviation 0-005 /~).