Secara umum, hunian informal pada Kampung Kota sering mengalami adaptasi dan perubahan untuk mengakomodasi kegiatan penghuninya. Masyarakat pada permukiman informal secara alamiah mengubah atau menambahkan ruang pada huniannya tanpa adanya aturan baku yang mengikat, hal ini kerap memunculkan ketidakteraturan dan kekacauan dalam tatanan ruang. Pada kasus Kampung Muka, adaptasi ruang yang bebas semacam ini juga terjadi. Namun dalam beberapa hal seperti perletakan dan penambahan ruang servis ditemukan kecenderungan yang seragam pada pola adaptasi ruangnya. Masyarakat seolah memiliki aturannya sendiri dalam menata ruang servis, seperti dapur pada bagian luar hunian mereka. Adanya aturan atau kesepakatan yang muncul di masyarakat ini sangat menarik untuk didalami, mengingat masyarakat informal cenderung dianggap bebas dari aturan. Memahami fenomena kemunculan aturan yang mengikat adaptasi ruang kemudian menjadi penting, untuk melihat sejauh apa batasan dan fleksibilitas yang bisa diterapkan pada hunian padat penduduk dan masyarakat yang datang dari lingkungan informal. Studi ini menggunakan metode pengumpulan data kualitatif berupa observasi terhadap perletakan spasial ruang dan kegiatan, serta interview mendalam terhadap responden. Pada akhirnya, studi berhasil mengidentifikasi bagaimana terjadinya dapur sebagai bentuk adaptasi ruang, serta faktor yang secara tersirat mengaturnya seperti luasan hunian, posisi hunian terhadap jalan, alasan keamanan, pertimbangan sirkulasi publik, dan kebutuhan penanda usaha. Sikap fleksibel masyarakat mengenai aturan ruang milik pribadi dan ruang publik, menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat perlu dilibatkan dalam perencanaan untuk meningkatkan efektifitas ruang hunian dan ruang publik.
Background. Diabetes is a major health problem worldwide including in Indonesia. There is a close relationship between diabetes and cardiovascular disease, with cardiovascular events being the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Therefore, it is important to assess cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes in order to conduct appropriate preventive strategies. Various methods have been developed to assess the degree of cardiovascular risk, one of which is the Jakarta Cardiovascular Score, a scoring method that has been adapted for the Indonesian community. This study aims to describe the profile of cardiovascular risk in diabetes patients at Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital.
Methods. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in the internal medicine outpatient clinic at Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital. All subjects were diabetic patients who had not developed any cardiovascular complications. The risk of cardiovascular disorders was assessed using the Jakarta Cardiovascular Score. Data were collected through medical records, interviews, and physical examinations.
Results. There were 64 subjects in this study. The majority of subjects (81.3%) were classified as high risk for cardiovascular disease.
Conclusion. Most patients with diabetes have a high degree of risk of cardiovascular disease.
Melastoma malabathricum L. has potential for exploitation of its pharmacological and phytoremediation properties. We cultivated M. malabathricum leaves using in vitro cultures in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ) (0, 0.1 and 0.2 mg.L−1), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg.L−1) or both. We studied the effect of TDZ alone or combined with 2,4-D on the growth and development of cultured leaves. Explants were cultured on solid MS medium supplemented with TDZ (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg.L−1) or 2,4-D (0, 0.1 and 0.2 mg.L−1) or both. All treatments induced callus with different colours and textures. TDZ, 2,4-D or both induced callus formation in approximately 75–95 %, 95–100 % or 45–90 % of explants. Adventitious root was produced in the presence of 0.1 mg L−1 (70 %) and 0.2 mg.L −1 (60 %) 2,4-D. Adventitious shoot formation was initiated in the presence of 1 mg.L−1 (15 %), 2 mg.L−1 (5 %) and 3 mg.L−1 (5 %) TDZ. Callus formation was induced by 0.1 mg.L−1 2,4-D (63 %), 0.2 mg.L −1 2,4-D (50 %), 2 mg.L−1 TDZ (42 %) and 3 mg.L−1 TDZ (50 %), which were higher than other treatments. Callus, adventitious root or adventitious shoot was induced from leaves using 12 different media.
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