To meet the demand for crude oil, which has a limited reserve; efforts are needed to maximize proven potentials. One of the solutions is the use of steam flooding as the most widely used Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technology. However, the challenge that must be faced is the high production cost of steam which strongly depend on fuel cost. Meanwhile, the geothermal utilization in Indonesia is still low, only 9.3%. Seeing these problems and potential, it could be possible to utilize the geothermal heat for steam flooding. However, at present no research has been conducted related to geothermal utilization for steam flooding, only for water flooding. Therefore, this study is aimed to evaluate geothermal heat utilization for steam flooding by evaluating the maximum distance between geothermal and oil field, evaluating the technical aspect by using Honeywell UniSim Design and CMG Star and reviewing the levelized cost of steam. The results that geothermal heat can be used economically and technically possible as a preheating system before the boiler and it reduces the cost of steam production by 12% with a maximum distance between geothermal and oil field of 30.1 km.
It is known that when coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics (NLED), Einstein’s equations can have nonsingular black hole (BH) solutions. For such BH the absence of horizon poses no violation of cosmic censorship theorem. In this work we show that the horizonless nonsingular BH charged with NLED, viewed from photon’s perspective, ironically is also responsible for the existence of singularity in its null geodesics. This is due to fact that the effective geometry gives additional conformal factor to the metric. For massive particles, on the other hand, the spacetime is still perfectly regular.
We study nonsingular black holes viewed from the point of view of Ayon-Beato–Garcia (ABG) nonlinear electrodynamics (NLED) and present a complete study of their corresponding strong gravitational lensing. The NLED modifies the the photon’s geodesic, and our calculations show that such effect increases the corresponding photon sphere radius and image separation, but decreases the magnification. We also show that the ABG’s shadow radius is not compatible with bound estimates of Sgr A* from Keck and VLTI (Very Large Telescope Interferometer). Thus, the possibility of Sgr A* being a nonsingular ABG black hole is ruled out.
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