The vast quantity of waste generated from industries is one of the serious outcomes of unplanned development, resulting into quantum of hazardous organic and inorganic waste generating daily. Proper waste management is a challenging issue that must be addressed adequately. This is, therefore, carried out with a view of assessing the energy and combustion quality of tannery solid waste with a view of converting them into briquettes for cooking, heating and small home industries and reducing the menace caused by tannery waste disposal. The results of the experiments showed that the combustion rate ranged between 0.171 and 0.217 g/min, the boiling time ranged between 27.78 to 34.11 minutes, the ignition time was found between 14.2 to 17.4 minutes. The durability test and humidity resistance test showed that the briquettes have durability ranged between 92.12 and 95.04 while the humidity resistance was between 95.34 and 97.95. The carbon content ranged between 40.79 and 45.15%. Other results showed that the fixed carbon ranged between 89.93 and 95.46%, volatile matter 1.61 to 4.56% and the calorific values were found between 18.03 and 21.86 MJ/kg. The fleshing has better quality than the other three wastes studied. AbstractPotensi Energi dari Briket yang Dihasilkan dari Limbah Padat Penyamakan Kulit Binatang Ternak. Jumlah limbah yang dihasilkan dari industri merupakan salah satu masalah serius dari perkembangan yang tidak direncanakan, yang mengakibatkan besarnya jumlah sampah organik dan anorganik yang tertimbun setiap hari. Pengelolaan limbah yang tepat merupakan tantangan yang harus ditangani secara benar. Pengelolaan ini dilakukan dengan berpandangan bahwa energi dan pembakaran dari limbah padat penyamakan kulit dapat diubah menjadi briket untuk memasak, memanaskan dan membantu industri rumahan kecil serta mengurangi ancaman yang diakibatkan oleh pembuangan limbah industri penyamakan kulit. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa laju pembakaran berkisar antara 0,171 dan 0,217 g/menit, waktu didih sekitar 27,78 sampai 34,11 menit, waktu pengapian sekitar 14,2 sampai 17,4 menit. Uji ketahanan dan uji resistansi kelembaban menunjukkan bahwa briket memiliki daya tahan sekitar 92,12 dan 95,04 sedangkan nilai resistansi kelembapan antara 95,34 dan 97,95. Kandungan karbon berkisar antara 40,79 dan 45,15%. Hasil lainnya menunjukkan bahwa karbon tetap berkisar antara 89,93 dan 95,46%, material volatil 1,61 sampai 4,56% dan nilai kalor ditemukan antara 18,03 dan 21,86 MJ/kg. Limbah dari tahap fleshing memiliki kualitas yang lebih baik daripada tiga limbah lainnya yang diuji.

This paper describes a microcontroller based charge controller using PWM (pulse width modulation) technique. This PWM technique is employed by the PIC16F877 microcontroller. The microcontroller is to charge a 12V battery using 80W solar panel. The main feature of this charge controller is dusk to dawn operation; it switches "on" the load (the light) at dusk (evening) and switches off at dawn (morning). During day time, the load is disconnected from the battery and the battery is to be recharged with current from the solar panel. When the battery is at full charge (14.7V), the charging current becomes "pulsed" interrupted by the PIC16F877. "Battery Full" will be displayed on the liquid crystal display (LCD). An inbuilt analog to digital converter (ADC) is used to determine voltage level of the battery and the solar panel voltage. The hardware design, software implementation, and flow chart of the program are also discussed in this paper.

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