SUMMARYBackground: Percutaneous ethanol injection and hepatic resection are the most widely used curative therapeutic options for patients with compensated liver disease and small hepatocellular carcinoma. Aim: To compare percutaneous ethanol injection and hepatic resection in a selected group of consecutive French patients with a single hepatocellular carcinoma, smaller than or equal to 50 mm, in terms of survival, recurrence rate of malignancy and direct costs. Methods: The analysis of two contemporary cohorts of Child-Pugh A or B patients with a single hepatocellular carcinoma of £ 50 mm treated by percutaneous ethanol injection (n ¼ 55) or hepatic resection (n ¼ 50). Results: Long-term survival was not significantly different between the two groups when the size of hepatocel-
The authors report an exceptional and well-documented case of interruption of the retrohepatic segment of the inferior vena cava with an "azygos continuation", combined with absence of the portal vein. The only known combination of congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava and the portal vein was that of an "azygos continuation" and a preduodenal portal vein. The double interruption, portal and inferior caval, may be associated with a disturbance of preferential flows induced by the left umbilical thrust. According to hemodynamic theory, the left umbilical flow is the determining factor in organogenesis of the portal vein and the retrohepatic segment of the inferior vena cava.
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