This experiment was implemented in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences fields in Bakrajo-Sulaymaniyah in two consecutive cropping seasons, 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. Two seeding rates were applied with three seeding methods, seed drill, conventional scattering pattern by centrifugal seeds spreader, and an un familiar pattern in the region, which is the overlapping pattern of grain spreading lines by the distributor. the coefficient of variance (% CV) for seeds had the best value in comparison to overlap spreading, which in turn was better than conventional scattering was 1.1, 8.2 and 47.2 for seed rate of 200 kg ha-1 and 1.7, 7.6, and 44.8 for seed rate of 160 kg ha-1 respectively. The seeding rate 200 kg ha-1 was significantly recorded higher averages for most of the studied traits. The sowing patterns had significantly superior to the overlapped grain spreading lines when it recorded 106.23 cm plant high, 341.47 spikes m-2, 43.1 grains spike-1, 38.7 g thousand grains weight, 3623.74 kg ha-1, 11379.03 kg ha-1 and 0.32 harvest index. The overlapped spreading mode also significantly superior to the conventional mode of prose.

Soil contamination by heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), which is present as a result of agricultural and industrial practices, is a critical problem in many countries around the world. High Cd concentrations in crops during the seedling stage can have a negative impact on performance and growth. The aim of the present study, which involved 59 barley accessions, was to investigate the effects of different Cd concentrations (125, 250, and 500 µM) on the responses of the barley accessions and to identify the biomarker parameters that would aid in the early growth stage selection of the best-performing accession. Barley accessions differed significantly in their morphological and physiochemical characteristics. Compared to the untreated plants, treatments with Cd lowered germination percentages by 1.75–64.28%, 1.67–46.62%, and 1.66–61.90% for concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 μM, respectively. The average of all genotypes showed significant reductions in root length, shoot length, and fresh weight of seedlings, ranging from 37.08% to 77.88%, 18.70% to 44.10%, and 7.69% to 35.87%, respectively. In comparison to untreated plants, the average seed water absorption (WU) increased across all accessions by 42.21% and 20.74%, respectively, under Cd-125 and Cd-250 stress conditions. In contrast, all biochemical measurements increased when Cd concentrations were elevated, with the exception of guaiacol peroxidase (GPA) and catalase (CAT). Across all genotypes, the mean of proline (PC) and sugar (SSC) contents showed the largest increases (123% for PC and 98.63% for SSC) under the Cd-500 stress condition. Three barley accessions: Acsad-14, ABN, and Arabi Aswad, were found to be the most tolerant accessions under all cadmium exposure, whereas the performance of the other tested accessions: Black-Kalar, Bujayl 1-Shaqlawa, and Black-Chiman was inferior. The OMIC analysis identified the biomarker parameters for differentiating the high, moderate, and low tolerant groups as the WU for Cd-125 stress, GPA, WU, CAT, total phenolic content for Cd-250 stress, and all physiochemical traits, with the exception of the CAT feature for Cd-500 treatment. The majority of trait pairings showed significant correlations. Hence, Acsad-14, ABN, and Arabi Aswad barley accessions that had great performance under cadmium conditions can be candidates for selection in a breeding program to improve the growth of plants and output in lands infected by cadmium. It can be concluded that seed water uptake, guaiacol peroxidase, and proline content were biomarker traits that would aid in the early growth stage selection of the best-performing accession under Cd stress conditions.

An experiment related to wheat cultivation was conducted at south of Sulaimani province, Kurdistan region-Iraq during autumn in 2016-2017. Completely Randomized Block Design was applied with split-split plot arrangement, and the experiment was conducted on two fallow lands, the first land was plowed in the spring and the other remained unplowed, two different sowing modes with rotary seed broadcaster were used, namely conventional and overlapped prose lines, and two similar sets of tillage systems were chosen for the study. The averages were compared by using Duncan's test. The coefficients of variance (CV) for overlapped and conventional seed spreading were 9.2% and 48.4%, respectively. The spring-plowed fallow land proved to obtain significantly different values compared to the unplowed land, which were higher by 51.9%, 48.5%, 47.1%, 26.9%, 31.6%, 6.7% and 30.1% for fuel consumption, draft, power losses due to slippage, working time, energy utilization, wheat yield and total cost, respectively. The average results for overlapped seed broadcasting were higher than those of the conventional manner by: 0.8%, 0.3% 1%, 0%, 3.3%, 6.7% and 14.5%. The lowest values were resulted from applying: MB plus seed distributor plus MB, while, the maximum yield was given by applying: cultivator plus seed distributor plus cultivator.